<p>The High Island Reservoir, located in the far south eastern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula, was opened in 1978 helping to alleviate water shortage problems in Hong Kong. Its water capacity is approximately 273 million cubic metres. The area it occupies was originally the Kwun Mun Channel, which separated High Island from the Sai Kung Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Its history starts as a result of the water shutdown by mainland China during the Hong Kong 1967 riots, the government responded with the High Island Reservoir. It was expected to be the same size as Plover Cove. The construction, contracted by an Italian company cost more than HKD $400 million.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was designed by Binnie & Partners as a part of the High Island Water Scheme which included pipeworks and other supporting infrastructure as well as the reservoir itself. The reservoir was created by constructing two main dams. One was built at the west of High Island connecting it with the Sai Kung Peninsula at Yuen Ng Fan. The other was built in the southeast of High Island, connecting it with the Sai Kung Peninsula near Po Pin Chau, a stack island. Three smaller dams were also constructed in valleys around the reservoir. Aqueducts totalling 5 miles in length were also constructed to transfer water from streams around Sai Kung Peninsula to the reservoir. Construction spanned 10 years from 1969 to 1979. Two roads were created as part of the scheme, crossing over the dams. This enabled visitors to access a very remote and unspoilt area for recreation. Many of the techniques and technology used, like grouting, was cutting edge at the time.</p><br>
<h2>Refugee camp</h2><br>
<p>A refugee camp was built near the reservoir for hosting refugees and boat people from Vietnam. The area is now a flat piece of grassland that is grazed by cows. It has a pavilion that leads out of the strip of land.</p><br>
<p>Mangde Chhu or Tongsa river flows in central Bhutan traversing roughly north-south. The river rises in Wangdue Phodrang district , near Gangkhar Puensum, Bhutans highest peak at 7,546 m. Bhutans main east-west highway crosses the Mangde Chhu about 8 km west of Trongsa. South of Trongsa, the river drains the eastern slopes of the Black Mountains , and forms the eastern boundaries of Black Mountain National Park and Royal Manas National Park. Another highway follows the river south from Trongsa to Shemgang. The highway leaves the river at Tingtinbi, and eventually reaches the Indian border at Gelegphug. South of Tingtinbi, the Mangde is joined by the Bumthang River from the east, and is known as the Tongasa. Shortly before entering India in Assam, the Manas River flows into the river from the east, and the river exits Bhutan near Manas.</p><br>
<p>Important towns and areas through which the Trongsa - Gelegphug road passes are Shemgang (Shamgong), Taama, Bataase, and Surey rice fields. The road and bridges were built by the Indian Border Roads Organisation. Among the number of bridges built across this river, two are noteworthy. They are the Bailey suspension bridges of about 360 ft span, one near Hathisar and the other at Tama built between 1963 and 1965. A rafting expedition down the river was subject of the 2007 Discovery Channel TV documentary Adventure Bhutan.</p><br>
<p>The Langeberg Range is a mountain range in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Its highest peak is Keeromsberg at 2075m and 15 km NE of the town of Worcester.</p><br>
<p>Some of the highest peaks of the range are located just to the north of Swellendam, in a subrange known as the Clock Peaks whose highest point is 1710 m high Misty Point. Local lore states one can tell the time by means of the shadows cast by the seven summits of the Clock Peaks.</p><br>
<p>The name is Dutch and means "long mountain"</p><br>
<h2>Physiography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The range runs roughly NW/SE in its western part and in an east-west direction in its mid and eastern section and is approximately 250 km long, from Worcester, past Robertson, Montagu, Swellendam, Heidelberg and Riversdale to the proximity of George.</p><br>
<p>The Langeberg&#39;s most westerly point is located 5 km east of the town of Worcester; the range ends some 20 km North of Mossel Bay in the east. The open plains of the Little Karoo border the north of the mountain range, while to the south lies the Agulhas Plain and the Overberg wheatbelt.</p><br>
<p>The Langeberg Range is composed mostly of Table Mountain Sandstone and the range is part of the Cape Fold Belt.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>On the southern slopes of the range mountain fynbos can be found, with Afromontane forest patches found in deep secluded gorges, while on the drier northern slopes karroid scrub is found.</p><br>
<h3>Protected areas</h3><br>
<p>There are the following protected areas along the range:</p><br>
<p>The Marloth Nature Reserve, in the area where the highest peaks are found</p><br>
<p>The Boosmansbos Wilderness Area, which includes the Grootvadersbosch Nature Reserve near Barrydale</p><br>
<p>The Garcia State Forest</p><br>
<h2>Mountain passes</h2><br>
<p>The range is traversed by four mountain passes, from west to east, they are:</p><br>
<p>Cogmanskloof Pass, linking Montagu with Ashton.</p><br>
<p>Tradouws Pass, linking Barrydale with Swellendam and Heidelberg</p><br>
<p>Garcia&#39;s Pass, linking Riversdale and Ladismith, Western Cape</p><br>
<p>Cloetes Pass, linking Mossel Bay with Ladismith, Western Cape</p><br>
<p>The Occidental Life Building is a historic office building in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in the United States. Featuring an unusual Venetian Gothic Revival architectural style inspired by the Doges Palace in Venice, the building is one of the citys most recognizable landmarks and has been described as "unique in the country".</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by Henry C. Trost and opened in 1917. A fire in 1933 left the Occidental Life Building mostly gutted; however the exterior walls remained standing and the remainder of the structure was rebuilt. The architect for the reconstruction, W. Miles Brittelle, took the opportunity to redesign the roofline for a more consistent Venetian appearance. The building interior was remodeled again in 1981 to add a second story.</p><br>
<p>The Occidental Life Building is located on the northwest corner of Third Street and Gold Avenue in Downtown Albuquerque. It was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 1973 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Occidental Life Building was built in 1917 as the new headquarters of the Occidental Life Insurance Company, which had been organized in 1906 by a group of prominent local businessmen. The building was designed by Henry C. Trost, the chief architect of the El Paso firm of Trost & Trost. Trost was a prolific designer whose other built works in Albuquerque include the Rosenwald Building, First National Bank Building, and Sunshine Building. The building&#39;s unusual Venetian Gothic design was reportedly suggested by Occidental Life vice president George Roslington, a native of England.</p><br>
<p>The building opened to the public with an evening ceremony on August 1, 1917, which was attended by an estimated 1,000 people. In recognition of the American entry into World War I that year, the program included performances of Rule, Britannia!, The Maple Leaf Forever, and La Marseillaise. The building&#39;s early tenants included a number of other insurance agencies in addition to Occidental Life, as well as savings and loan companies, realtors, and an engineering firm.</p><br>
<p>A fire broke out in the Occidental Life Building early on the morning of April 25, 1933, causing an estimated $100,000 in damage before firefighters managed to extinguish it around noon that day. The building was mostly gutted, though the exterior walls remained intact up to the roofline. The Albuquerque Journal reported that the fire was thought to have started "between the ceiling and the roof in the northeast corner of the building". The fire occurred just hours after the burning of another Albuquerque landmark, the Fourth Ward School (replaced the following year by Lew Wallace Elementary), leading police and local residents to suspect arson.</p><br>
<p>Following the fire, the building was rebuilt to the design of W. Miles Brittelle of the Albuquerque firm of Brittelle and Ginner, reopening in the spring of 1934. In keeping with the buildings Venetian influence, Brittelle decided to redesign the roofline to more closely resemble the Doges Palace, with an ornamental frieze and finials in place of the original overhanging cornice. The interior office space was also expanded by eliminating the original open arcade behind the facade, and the building structure was upgraded from frame to steel construction. In 1981 the interior was remodeled again to add a second story within the original facade.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Occidental Life Building features a Venetian Gothic Revival architectural style which is highly unusual for New Mexico, and has been described by the Albuquerque Landmarks and Urban Conservation Commission as "unique in the country." The Baum Building in Oklahoma City, built in 1909, employed similar architectural features but was demolished in the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The buildings most significant feature is the white terra cotta facade, which wraps around the south and east sides of the building. The facade was modeled after that of the Doges Palace in Venice, with arcades of pointed Venetian Gothic arches, quatrefoil windows, and, following the 1934 rebuilding, an ornamental frieze with a row of finials. The spandrels and capitals are decorated with elaborate floral ornamentation, and the building&#39;s rounded corners are punctuated with pointed turrets. The tile used in both the original and rebuilt portions of the exterior was manufactured by the Denver Terra-Cotta Tile Company.</p><br>
<p>Runde is an island in the municipality of Herøy in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The island has a population of 102 people , and it is connected by the Runde Bridge to the island of Remøya to the south.</p><br>
<p>Runde is famous for its enormous number of birds. It is said that there are about 500,000 to 700,000 seabirds inhabiting the island, most of them are to be found in the cliffs. The Runde Environmental Centre (Runde Miljøsenter) is a research station at the bird island.</p><br>
<p>Runde lies on the west coast of Norway, close to towns and villages like Fosnavåg, Ulsteinvik, Volda, Ørsta, and Ålesund. This region of Norway is famous for its long fjords and steep, snow-clad mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Birdlife</h2><br>
<p>The birdlife on Runde is protected by the Goksøyr Mires Nature Reserve, part of the Runde Ramsar Site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Throughout the years, several ships have sunk near Runde on the Norwegian coast. Some of them are said to be ships from the Netherlands and Spain, loaded with gold and silver.</p><br>
<h3>Akerendam Shipwreck</h3><br>
<p>One ship from the Netherlands, the Akerendam, was a newly built vessel which set sails from an island called Texel in Netherlands on 19 January 1725. Akerendam was a part of the Dutch merchant fleet, headed for Batavia (Indonesia) loaded with gold and silver coins to be used for the trade of spices in the Far East. The ship got caught in a storm in the North Sea, and the Akerendam disappeared into the north. The ship went down on the north side of Runde, and the whole crew of 200 was lost at sea. The inhabitants of Runde started to find parts of the ship that was washed up at its shore, including dead crew members.</p><br>
<p>The wreck site was close to the shore, and during the summer of 1725 four chests and other parts of the cargo were salvaged. But then the divers gave up, and the wreck was forgotten. During the 19th century, locals often found coins at the shore. But the origin was already forgotten, and the findings created the story that the coins was from the Spanish Armada of the 16th century.</p><br>
<p>The wreck was discovered in 1972 by sport scuba divers Bengt-Olof Gustafsson (Sweden), Stefan Persson (Sweden), and Eystein Krohn-Dale (Norway). Under the bottom vegetation of the seabed, the sand bottom was littered with encrusted coins. The following year, the site was investigated by Bergen Sjøfartsmuseum. Little remained of the ship but more than 500 kg of gold and silver was salvaged. In total about 57,000 coins were found; 6,600 of them being gold coins&mdash;mostly the rare 1724 Dutch Gold Ducat minted in Utrecht with only a handful known prior to this find, and the rest silver coins. Parts of the treasure are kept at Bergen Sjøfartsmuseum in Bergen and also at the Norwegian Coin Museum in Oslo.</p><br>
<p>The finders were allowed to keep two thirds of the treasure, which was later sold to collectors worldwide. The 1724 Utrecht Gold Ducats can command $750 to $1,000 each and are all in uncirculated quality, the highest graded ones are NGC / PCGS MS-63. The Norwegian state received 25% and the Netherlands received 7% of the treasure. This event later initiated a new legislation, making all wrecks older than 100 years automatically protected in Norway.</p><br>
<h2>Runde Environmental Centre</h2><br>
<p>The Runde Environmental Centre is a research station on Runde which has 4 main activities: a marine station, a house and hub for small spin-off businesses, an information centre, and a conference/overnight centre with 34 hotel-standard rooms in 8 apartment suites. In 2008, the Runde Tourist office at Runde Environmental Centre was founded.</p><br>
<p>Pico da Bandeira, or Bandeira Peak  is the third highest mountain in Brazil, situated on the border of Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais states. It is the highest point in both states. It was historically considered the highest mountain in Brazil until 1965, when Pico da Neblina and Pico 31 de Março, next to the Venezuelan border, were explored, measured, and both found to be higher. The peak is said to have been so named after Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, ordered a flag to be flown on top of it.</p><br>
<p>Pico da Bandeira is also remarkable for being the Brazilian mountain with the greatest topographic isolation: 2,344 km (1,457 miles). This means that at less than that distance, there is no other point on the surface of the Earth at equal or greater elevation. In the Americas, only Aconcagua, Denali, and Pico de Orizaba are more topographically isolated than Pico da Bandeira, and in the entire world, there are only 20 more isolated mountains.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the major attractions of Caparaó National Park (Parque Nacional do Caparaó), accessible from the nearby town of Alto Caparaó. That town and the entrance to the park lie in Minas Gerais, but the summit of Pico da Bandeira lies in Espírito Santo.</p><br>
<p>The summit is accessible to hikers of most age groups, with only very limited fitness requirements. The track from the park entrance to the summit track can be driven by most vehicles, and the summit track itself runs for approximately 9 km, with a further 1,000 m climb.</p><br>
<p>North West Island is a coral cay in the southern Great Barrier Reef, located 75 kilometres northeast of Gladstone, Queensland. North West Island forms part of Capricornia Cays National Park and with an area of 1.05 km, the island is the second largest coral cay in the Great Barrier Reef. It is part of the Capricornia Cays Important Bird Area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Guano was mined on North West Island during the 1890s. Turtle soup canneries operated on the island from 1904 to 1914 and 1924 to 1926. The environmental importance of North West Island was recognised when it was included as part of Capricornia Cays National Park in 1980.</p><br>
<p>In September 2009, Jacob Lollback died while spearfishing off North West Island.</p><br>
<p>In mid April 2010, it was suspected that the 2010 Great Barrier Reef oil spill had reached North West Island. Small globules of oil were found along a 1 km long section of a beach. Clean-up crews were removing the oil by 14 April. A Maritime Safety Queensland spokesperson doubted the oil could have arrived on the island from the MV Shen Neng 1 so quickly, claiming the oil was from an earlier spill.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The vegetation of the island is dominated by dense Pisonia forest. North West Island is an important nesting ground for seabirds and turtles. As many as 500,000 seabirds habitat the island at any one time. Seventy per cent of the total breeding population of wedge-tailed shearwaters on Australia&#39;s east coast nest on the island. The Capricorn silvereye, a small bird endemic to the southern Great Barrier Reef, is found on the island.</p><br>
<p>The green sea turtle and the endangered loggerhead sea turtle nest on the island between November and February. Because of these important rookeries the size of nesting populations is monitored on an annual basis.</p><br>
<p>Kuchinoerabu-jima, is one of the Satsunan Islands, usually classed with the Ōsumi Islands belonging to Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. The island, 38.04 km² in area, has a population of 147. The island can only be reached by boat as it has no airport. There are regular ferry service with Yakushima, which is about 15 km to the east. Travel time is approximately 1 hour. The islanders are dependent mainly on fishing, agriculture and seasonal tourism. The entire island is within the borders of the Kirishima-Yaku National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kuchinoerabu-jima is located 130 km south of Kagoshima. The island is of volcanic origin, and has an area of approximately 38 km&sup2; with a length of 12 km and width of 5 km. The highest elevations on the island are Furudake, with a height of 657 m and Shindake, with a height of 640 m above sea level. There are numerous hot springs on the island.</p><br>
<p>The island is an active volcano which has erupted several times during the modern period, including 24 December 1933, when several people were killed when lava masses buried several villages. In 1980, multiple explosion craters appeared along an 800 m north-south fissure on the slope east of Shindake. Shindake erupted again on 4 August 2014, generating a pyroclastic flow, but with no injuries or fatalities. The main crater erupted on the morning of 29 May 2015, prompting a level 5 alert level. Efforts to evacuate all persons from the island occurred.</p><br>
<p>The island’s climate is classified as subtropical, with a rainy season from May through September.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the Edo period, Kuchinoerabu-jima was ruled by the Shimazu clan of Satsuma Domain and was considered part of Ōsumi Province. Following the Meiji restoration, it was administered as Kuchinoerabujima Village, which encompassed part of Yakushima. It is now part of the city of Yakushima, Kagoshima.</p><br>
<p>Kuchinoerabu-jima is the last known location of missing American poet Craig Arnold, who was visiting the island in April 2009, doing research for a book on volcanos.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanic eruptions of Mount Shindake</h2><br>
<p>On May 29, 2015 an eruption sent an ash cloud to an estimated 30,000 feet (9,100 meters) into the sky. No deaths and only one minor injury have so far been reported by Japans government. Shindake is a classic stratovolcano, or cone-shaped volcano, formed from alternating layers of lava flows and fragmented deposits. The eruption was expected, on May 18 Japanese scientists detected increased seismic activity and steam rising from the volcanos crater. The island’s 140 residents have been evacuated by Japan’s coast guard. Previous eruptions occurred in August 2014 and 1980.</p><br>
<p>Woodland Cemetery and Arboretum , located at 118 Woodland Avenue, Dayton, Ohio, is one of the oldest garden cemeteries in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Woodland was incorporated in 1842 by John Whitten Van Cleve, the first male child born in Dayton. He was the son of Benjamin Van Cleve and Mary Whitten Van Cleve. The cemetery began with 40 acre southeast of Dayton and has been enlarged to its present size of 200 acre. Over 3,000 trees and 165 specimens of native Midwestern trees and woody plants grace the rolling hills. Many of the trees are more than a century old and 9 have been designated "Ohio Champions." The highest point in Dayton is within the cemetery, and during the Great Dayton Flood of 1913, it became a place of refuge.</p><br>
<p>The Romanesque gateway, chapel and office, completed in 1889, are on the National Register of Historic Places. The buildings were constructed of the stone from the original cemetery wall. The chapel has one of the finest original Tiffany windows in the country. A mausoleum, with a rock and bronze exterior, features twenty-two varieties of imported marble and twelve large stained glass windows inspired by famous literary works. It was added in 1970. The oldest original 105-acre section of the cemetery, known as "Victorian," received a second designation as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>A receiving vault large enough to contain 12 crypts was built in 1847 by Joseph Wuichert, who was said to be Dayton’s premier stonemason. Throughout the 19th century it was used for temporary storage when burials were delayed due to bad weather or for other reasons (for example, refer to the article below on Levi and Matilda Stanley). Located near the main entrance to the cemetery and across from the mausoleum, it is constructed of giant limestone slabs and was designed as a replica of the Egyptian-style temple of Thebes and Karnak. It was unused for nearly 100 years but the exterior was restored in 2008 to its original condition.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>The monuments, ranging from rugged boulders to Greek statues and temples, memorialize the lives of people who helped shape the nation and the city. Woodland is the final resting place for more than 100,000 people, including:</p><br>
<p>Orville and Wilbur Wright, inventors of the airplane</p><br>
<p>Jordan Anderson, freed slave and letter writer</p><br>
<p>John H. Balsley, inventor of the folding step-ladder</p><br>
<p>Loren M. Berry, inventor of the Yellow Pages</p><br>
<p>Erma Bombeck, humorist and writer</p><br>
<p>Alex Campbell, professional golfer of early 20th century</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Leslie Carter, actress</p><br>
<p>William Charch, DuPont Chemist, inventor of moistureproof cellophane for food packaging.</p><br>
<p>Daniel C. Cooper, surveyor and Proprietor of Dayton</p><br>
<p>James M. Cox, newspaper publisher, Governor of Ohio and Presidential candidate</p><br>
<p>Edward A. Deeds, engineer, inventor and industrialist</p><br>
<p>Paul Laurence Dunbar, poet</p><br>
<p>John Glossinger, popularized the Oh Henry! candy bar</p><br>
<p>George P. Huffman, industrialist (Huffy Bicycles)</p><br>
<p>Andrew Iddings, inventor of the stereoptic (3-D) camera.</p><br>
<p>Charles F. Kettering, inventor</p><br>
<p>Earl Kiser, bicyclist and auto racer, "Little Dayton Demon"</p><br>
<p>L. L. Langstroth, father of American beekeeping</p><br>
<p>George Mead, industrialist (Mead Paper)</p><br>
<p>John H. Patterson, industrialist (NCR)</p><br>
<p>James Ritty, inventor of the cash register</p><br>
<p>James Findlay Schenck, Rear Admiral, United States Navy</p><br>
<p>Robert Cumming Schenck, Civil War General, member of US Congress and Ambassador to Brazil and United Kingdom</p><br>
<p>Levi and Matilda Stanley "King and Queen" of the Gypsies</p><br>
<p>John W. Stoddard built the Stoddard-Dayton automobile</p><br>
<p>Stephen W. Thompson, World War I aviator</p><br>
<p>Clement Vallandigham Congressman and Copperhead leader</p><br>
<p>David Ziegler, first mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio</p><br>
<p>Milton Wright, father of aviation pioneers Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright, and a Bishop of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ.</p><br>
<p>Leroy Tate Marshall, US representative</p><br>
<p>Gloria Dei Church, known locally as Old Swedes, is a historic church located in the Southwark neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at 929 South Water Street, bounded by Christian Street on the north, South Christopher Columbus Boulevard  on the east, and Washington Avenue on the south. It was built between 1698 and 1700, making it the oldest church in Pennsylvania and second oldest Swedish church in the United States after Holy Trinity Church  in Wilmington, Delaware.</p><br>
<p>The carpenters for the building were John Smart and John Buett and bricks were supplied by Richard Cantril. The church displays the English vernacular style of church design, which combines elements of the Medieval and Gothic styles. The church&#39;s vestry and entranceway were added in 1703 to buttress the walls, which had begun to buckle under the weight of the roof. The tower was added c.1733, and interior alterations were made in 1845, designed by Samuel Sloan.</p><br>
<p>The congregation dates to 1677, five years before the founding of the city of Philadelphia, and the graveyard around the church to about the same time. Formerly a Swedish Lutheran congregation, the church has been Episcopalian since 1845.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gloria Dei is the oldest church in Pennsylvania and second oldest Swedish church in the United States after Holy Trinity Church (Old Swedes) in Wilmington, Delaware. Swedish pioneers of New Sweden were the first to settle the area in 1646. An existing blockhouse at Wicaco (now South Philadelphia), had been renovated for worship in 1677 and was used until the present church (built beginning in 1697) was consecrated on the First Sunday after Trinity, July 2, 1700. A fire destroyed many of the church records in 1740. Colonial painter Gustavus Hesselius was a member here.</p><br>
<p>In 1703, Gloria Dei was the site of the first regular Lutheran ordination in the Americas, that of Justus Falckner, a German theology student. Jenny Lind sang here during one of her American tours. Hanging in the center aisle is a Swedish chandelier given by famous Swedish artist Carl Milles. Recollections of many Swedish royal and episcopal visits are treasured memories, including models of Fogel Grip and Kalmar Nyckel, the first Swedish ships to arrive in New Sweden.</p><br>
<p>The church has a collection of historical and religious artifacts the church has acquired over three centuries, including bronze crosses and 18th century Bibles in Swedish and English. In 1845, the formerly Swedish Lutheran congregation joined the Episcopal Church. Today the church is owned and maintained by its congregation of Episcopalians.</p><br>
<p>The church was designated a National Historic Site on November 17, 1942. It is an affiliated area of the National Park Service under Independence National Historical Park. The church site is owned and administered by the Corporation of Gloria Dei (Old Swedes&#39;) Church. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The church cemetery includes the following interments:</p><br>
<p>Sven Gunnarsson (d. 1678), one of the first buried at the church, a founding father of the New Sweden colony.</p><br>
<p>John C. Hunterson, Civil War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient (issued August 2, 1897).</p><br>
<p>William Irvine (1741–1804), Revolutionary War officer and physician.</p><br>
<p>George Ord, Sr. (d. 1806), Revolutionary War adventurer, sea captain.</p><br>
<p>George Ord, Jr. (1781–1866), ornithologist.</p><br>
<p>James Peale (1749–1831), Revolutionary War officer and artist (brother of Charles Willson Peale).</p><br>
<p>Sarah Miriam Peale (1800–1885) portrait painter, daughter of James Peale.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Smith (d. January 29, 1846), USA Congressman.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Wilson (1766–1813), ornithologist and illustrator.</p><br>
<p>Amandus Johnson (1877–1974), Swedish-American scholar and founder of the American Swedish Historical Museum.</p><br>
<p>There is also a memorial to John Hanson, a President of the Continental Congress during the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>Currahee Mountain is a mountain located in Stephens County, Georgia, near Toccoa. The name appears to be derived from the Cherokee word ᏊᏩᎯ  meaning "stand alone."</p><br>
<p>Technically a part of the Georgia Piedmont or "foothill" province, Currahee Mountain rises abruptly about 800 vertical feet (240 m) above the local topography and is the highest peak in Stephens County. Part of the mountain is in the Chattahoochee National Forest. On clear days, the peaks 1,735 ft summit is visible for many miles and is a prominent landmark to the southeast of Georgias Blue Ridge Mountain crest.</p><br>
<p>Currahee Mountain is one of the landmarks used in the Treaty of Hopewell. It was also used by Benjamin Hawkins to run the Hawkins Line.</p><br>
<p>On October 12, 1864, Confederate troops defeated Union troops at the Battle of Narrows, also called the Battle of Currahee, during the Civil War. The Confederate victory is said to have saved the area from pillage by Union troops. Casualties were small and the wounded were cared for by neighbors.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was made famous internationally by Tom Hanks and Steven Spielbergs television miniseries Band of Brothers, in which it was featured as a training site of the American Paratroopers at Camp Toccoa,</p><br>
<p>Georgia, where they ran up and down Currahee. The name of the mountain became the motto for these paratroopers including the famous quote: "3 Miles up, 3 Miles down". The nickname of the 506th Infantry Regiment, of which Easy Company was a part, is "Currahee".</p><br>
<p>Currahee is currently the site of the Annual Currahee Challenge, a three- and six-mile race on the mountain that occurs in the fall.</p><br>
<p>It is also a popular destination for rock climbing and rappelling.</p><br>
<p>One of the radio towers at the top holds NOAA Weather Radio station WWH24, serving parts of northeast Georgia and upstate South Carolina from NWS Greer.</p><br>
<p>Lillooet Lake is a lake in British Columbia, Canada about 25 km in length and about 33.5 square kilometres  in area. It is about 95 km downstream from the source of the Lillooet River, which resumes its course after leaving Little Lillooet Lake, aka Tenas Lake . Immediately adjacent to the mouth of the upper Lillooet River is the mouth of the Birkenhead River and just upstream along the Lillooet is the confluence of the Green River, which begins at Green Lake in the resort area of Whistler.</p><br>
<p>The community of Pemberton is about 12 km upstream from the head of Lillooet Lake, while the eastern edge of the Mount Currie Indian Reserve of the Lilwat branch of the Stat&#39;imc people is the lakeshore itself. The eastern ramparts of the mountain ranges of Garibaldi Provincial Park overlook Lillooet Lake from the west, while to the east are the northern reaches of the Lillooet Ranges which lie between the Lillooet-Harrison drainage and the Fraser River.</p><br>
<p>Lillooet Lake was part of the "Lakes Route" or Douglas Road, once if only briefly the principal route between the Coast and the Interior during the days of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Several steamers and innumerable smaller watercraft served the busy freight and passenger traffic in those days. The best-known and largest of these was the SS Prince of Wales, whose wreckage was visible on the shores of the lake near Mount Currie for many years.</p><br>
<p>Wular Lake  is one of the largest fresh water lakes in Asia. It is sited in Bandipora district in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The lake basin was formed as a result of tectonic activity and is fed by the Jhelum River. The lake&#39;s size varies seasonally from 12 to 100 square miles . In addition, much of the lake has been drained as a result of willow plantations being built on the shore in the 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>In ancient times, Wular Lake was also called Mahapadmasar (Sanskrit: महापद्मसरः). Nilamata Purana also mentions it as Mahapadmasaras. Mahapadmasar is referred as Bolor by Al-Biruni. The lake, with its big dimensions and the extent of water, gives rise to high leaping waves in the afternoons, called Ullola in Sanskrit, meaning "stormy leaping, high rising waves". Therefore, it was also being called Ullola. Its corrupted form saw its transition as Bolor by Al-Biruni and over the centuries corrupted further to Wulor or Wular. The origin may also be attributed to a Kashmiri word Wul, which means a gap or a fissure, appellation that must have come also during this period. The word Wul, is also indicator of its origin to a fissure or gap created.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>The lake is one of the 26 Indian wetlands designated as a Ramsar site. However it faces environmental threats including the conversion of large parts of the lake&#39;s catchment areas into agriculture land, pollution from fertilizers and animal wastes, hunting of waterfowl and migratory birds, and weed infestation in the lake itself.</p><br>
<h3>Fish</h3><br>
<p>Wular Lake is an important fish habitat, the main species being the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), rosy barb (Barbus conchonius), mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), Nemacheilus species, Crossocheilus latius, and various snowtrout species in the genera Schizopyge and Schizothorax. Snowtrout species identified in the lake include the Sattar snowtrout (Schizopyge curvifrons), Chirruh snowtrout (Schizopyge esocinus), Schizothorax planifrons, Schizothorax macropogon, Schizothorax longipinus and Chush snowtrout (Schizopyge niger).</p><br>
<p>Fish from Wular Lake make up a significant part of the diet for many thousands of people living on its shores and elsewhere in the Kashmir Valley. More than eight thousand fishermen earn their livelihood from the lake, primarily fishing for the endemic Schizothorax species and the non-native carp. Their catch comprises about 60 percent of the total yield of fish in Kashmir. Hundreds of other local villagers are employed by cooperative societies that trade the fish catch. Many other families harvest plants such as the grass Phragmites and the waterlily-like Nymphoides from the lake for animal fodder.</p><br>
<h3>Birds</h3><br>
<p>The lake sustains a rich population of birds. Terrestrial birds observed around the lake include the black-eared kite, Eurasian sparrowhawk, short-toed eagle, Himalayan golden eagle, Himalayan monal, chukar partridge, koklass pheasant, rock dove, common cuckoo, alpine swift, Indian roller, Himalayan woodpecker, hoopoe, barn swallow, golden oriole and others.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Kashmiri sultan Zain-ul-Abidin is reputed to have ordered the construction of the artificial island of Zaina Lank in the middle of the lake in 1444.</p><br>
<h2>Tulbul Project</h2><br>
<p>The Tulbul Project is a "navigation lock-cum-control structure" at the mouth of Wular Lake. According to the original Indian plan, the barrage was expected to be of 439 ft long and 40 ft wide, and would have a maximum storage capacity of 300,000 acre.ft of water. One aim was to regulate the release of water from the natural storage in the lake to maintain a minimum draught of 4.5 ft in the river up to Baramulla during the lean winter months. The project was conceived in the early 1980s and work began in 1984.</p><br>
<p>There has been an ongoing dispute between India and Pakistan over the Tulbul Project since 1987, when Pakistan objected that it violated the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty. India stopped work on the project that year, but has since pressed to restart construction. The Jhelum River through the Kashmir valley below Wular Lake provides an important means of transport for goods and people. To sustain navigation throughout the year a minimum depth of water is needed. India contends that this makes development of the Tulbul Project permissible under the treaty, while Pakistan maintains that the project is a violation of the treaty. India says suspension of work is harming the interests of people of Jammu and Kashmir and also depriving the people of Pakistan of irrigation and power benefits that may accrue from regulated water releases.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In recognition of its biological, hydrological and socio-economic values, the lake was included in 1986 as a Wetland of National Importance under the Wetlands Programme of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India for intensive conservation and management purposes. Subsequently in 1990, it was designated as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>Amongst other developments, two million trees will be cut to restore Wular Lake under the National Lake Conservation Programme. The Environment Ministry of India approved Rs 4 billion for the restoration project for the lake that will take 5 to 10 years and was after long delays scheduled to start in December 2011.</p><br>
<p>The partner organisation South Asian Voluntary Association of Environmentalists (SAVE) is a joint initiative of individuals with the aim to protect the ecology and to conserve the nature at Wular Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Boating, water sports and water skiing have been launched by the Government of India Tourism in collaboration with Kerala Tourism and J&K Tourism. The contract for the operation of the site was awarded in September 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Clear Range is a small mountain range located in the angle of the Fraser and Thompson Rivers in south-central British Columbia. It has a small subdivision just northeast of that confluence named the Scarped Range. The Clear Range totals 16,270 km²  and is 75 km  north to south and 35 km  east to west . The Clear Range and its norhtward neighbour the Marble Range are both subranges of the Pavilion Range.</p><br>
<p>It and the neighbouring Marble Range line the east bank of the Fraser River north of the town of Lytton, British Columbia. The Clear Range extends as far as the town of Pavilion and is bounded by the south wall of Marble Canyon on the north. The southeast flank of the Clear Range is the Thompson River between Ashcroft and Lytton, while to its northeast are the Cornwall and Trachyte Hills, and beyond them the Arrowstone Hills of the Bonaparte Plateau. The range is horseshoe-shaped, facing the high rangeland-plateau basin of Hat Creek, which drains northeast to join the Bonaparte River, a tributary of the Thompson. All of these areas, including the Clear Range, are classified by geographers as belonging to the Fraser Plateau, which is part of the Interior Plateau.</p><br>
<h2>Terrain</h2><br>
<p>The outer flanks of the range are steep, particularly on the side of the Fraser, where the northerly peaks are a high plateau-edge almost 2000 m (7000 ft) above the river below. The core of the range is rugged and has a complex series of interlocking valleys. Karst formations throughout the area suggest caves, though none has been discovered, and there are scores of intermittent waterfalls and sub-alpine swamps. The northern edge of the Clear Range is the south wall of Marble Canyon.</p><br>
<p>The highest summits are Blustry Mountain, 2334 m (7657 ft); its neighbor Cairn Peak 2328 m (7638 ft); and north of them, Moore Peak, 2223 m (7293 ft); and Chipuin Mountain, 2170 m (7119 ft). The highest peak in the southern part of the range is Botanie Mountain (bu-TAN-ee), just north of Lytton 2077 m (6814 ft), but higher in the centre of the range is Mount Murray 2153 m (7064 ft). A separate ridge across the Fraser River from Lillooet is named Fountain Ridge. It is geologically distinct, actually a sliver of plate between the Fraser and Yalakom Faults. Arthur Seat, 1672 m (5486 ft), lies in that range on the west side of Spences Bridge, and was named by pioneer John Murray for the similarly-named mountain in Edinburgh, Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The climate is varied, though mostly dry, especially on the west and southeast. The interior of the range gets more waterfall and is heavily-treed relative to the canyons flanking it</p><br>
<p>Typical boreal forest and mountain wildlife prevail: grizzly bear, black bear, black-tail deer, moose, and various rodents. The range&#39;s reptile populations include several varieties of dryland lizard and also the timber rattlesnake; the Clear Range is the farthest northwest extent of the rattlesnake.</p><br>
<h2>History and culture</h2><br>
<p>The Clear Range is largely the domain of the Nlakapamux peoples, although the northwest edge of the range is occupied by communities of the Stat&#39;imc people and a rancherie of the Bonaparte River band of the Secwepemc people at Marble Canyon, whose territory also includes southeastern portion of the range along the Thompson. There are no urban settlements or towns in the range although it is skirted by three major highways and also three rail lines (the BCR, CPR and CNR).</p><br>
<p>Due to its location, it overlooked the great movement of goldseekers during the Fraser Canyon and Cariboo Gold Rushes although no major mines or deposits were found on its slopes. At its northern extremity there is a large deposit of low-grade lignite, adjacent to Marble Canyon on the northwestern edge of the Hat Creek basin that has long been proposed for a major open-pit coal mine and coal-powered generating plant.</p><br>
<p>The area is heavily logged but thereby interlaced with logging roads and other trails popular with 4x4 recreationists, mountain bikers and others.</p><br>
<p>Hurd&#39;s Deep  is a deep underwater valley in the English Channel, northwest of the Channel Islands, at position 49 degrees 30 minutes North, 3 degrees 34 minutes West. From marine navigational charts, the maximum depth is 180 m, and lies to the north of the isle of Alderney.</p><br>
<p>It is most probable that it was named after Captain Thomas Hurd RN, by Admiral Martin White (born at Hayling Island, 1779).</p><br>
<p>British submarine sank in Hurd&#39;s Deep in 1951.</p><br>
<h2>Late Quaternary origin</h2><br>
<p>The underwater valley system found on the floor of the eastern English Channel formed from a catastrophic flood which was caused by a breaching of a rock dam at the Dover Strait which released a massive pro-glacial lake in the southern North Sea basin. This massive flood scoured the former river systems to form the Hurd Deep in late Quaternary times.</p><br>
<h3>A Pleistocene glacial refugium</h3><br>
<p>During the ice ages, when the sea level dropped, most of the English Channel was dry land. Hurd&#39;s Deep likely remained as a sea. During the Pleistocene it likely was a glacial refugium.</p><br>
<h2>Dumping</h2><br>
<p>Following the First World War, Hurd&#39;s Deep was used by the British Government as a dumping ground for both chemical and conventional munitions. was scuttled there in 1921. Following the Second World War, it was used to dump military equipment, munitions and weaponry left behind by the ousted German invaders of the Channel Islands.</p><br>
<p>Routine dumping of British munitions carried on until 1974.</p><br>
<p>Between 1946 and 1973 the area was also used for the dumping of low and intermediate level radioactive wastes.</p><br>
<p>The New Haven Lawn Club is a private club located on Whitney Avenue in New Haven, Connecticut close to Yale University. It is a social and athletic facility.</p><br>
<p>The club is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>One building and one structure of the club are deemed contributing to the historic character while another building and three structures are non-contributing. The architecture of the clubhouse is primarily Colonial Revival with Art Moderne decorative elements. The clubhouse, built in 1931 to replace the former clubhouse that had burned in 1929, is credited to architect Douglas W. Orr, but much of the detail design is by William Douglas.</p><br>
<p>The club offers tennis, squash, and outdoor swimming, and is considered one of the most prestigious clubs in the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Club was founded in 1891 by a group of New Haven residents. The original clubhouse was destroyed by fire in 1929. Renowned architect Douglas Orr designed the current facility. As of 2005, over 520 families were counted among its membership.</p><br>
<p>It originally hosted lawn tennis, now more commonly known as court tennis, reflecting a fad brought from England.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>The New Haven Lawn Club offers a wide range of activities and events including tennis, swimming, food, art exhibits, concerts, book clubs, yoga and pilates. The Club is also a venue for many of New Haven&#39;s prestigious dances.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The Lawn Club mansion is rich with architectural details. Visitors enter the foyer through a vaulted portico, archways, and columns made of the local red brick. Octagonal windows look out over the manicured Lawn Club grounds. A Lalique crystal chandelier graces the foyer and working fireplaces are found throughout the building. The New Haven Lawn Club is home to several event rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Ballroom, is the club&#39;s largest event space and with a 225-person occupancy. The Ballroom has a barrel-vaulted ceiling, a performance stage, and hardwood floors. The event space includes a terrazzo entryway and fireplace.</p><br>
<p>The club&#39;s Main Dining Room seats 120 people. Two wood burning fireplaces mirror each other at opposite ends of the hall, with terrazzo flooring between them. Floor-to-ceiling windows offer views of the Lawn Club grounds and the attached terrace overlooks the tennis courts.</p><br>
<p>Milam Glacier is a major glacier of the Kumaon Himalaya. It is located in the tehsil of Munsiyari, part of the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand, India, about 15 km northeast of Nanda Devi. It ranges in elevation from about 5,500 m to about 3,870 m at its snout. It covers around 37 km&sup2; and is 16 km long.Milam glacier was reopened in the year 1994. It was closed in 1962, so it was inaccessible for trekkers and other visitors. It is a popular destination among trekkers now.</p><br>
<p>The suitable time to visit the glacier is from mid of March to May. Monsoons set in during the month June which herald the menace of landslides and roadblocks.</p><br>
<p>The trekking for the Milam glacier commences from Munsiyari.</p><br>
<p>Milam Glacier is situated on the south facing slope of the main Himalayan range. It originates from the eastern slope of Trishuli and the southern slope of its eastern subsidiary Kohli. The subsidiary glaciers coming off the peaks of Hardeol, Mangraon (6,568 m), Deo Damla (6,637 m), and Sakram (6,254 m) on the eastern rim of the Nanda Devi Sanctuary flow into it from the west, while on the east it is fed by glaciers from Nanda Gond (6,315 m) and Nanda Pal (6,306 m). The glacier is the source of the Goriganga River. The village of Milam lies near the snout of the glacier; Munsiyari, further down the Goriganga valley, is the base for the trek to the glacier.</p><br>
<p>Mellbreak is a hill in the Western part of the English Lake District. Despite being surrounded on all sides by higher fells , it stands in isolation. It is surrounded on three sides by a "moat" of deep marshy land, and on the east side by the lake of Crummock Water. The fell forms a partnership with the lake, running parallel to it, falling sheer into it, and regularly providing the backdrop for pictures of it.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Mellbreak&#39;s name is derived from differing sources: the Celtic "moel", meaning "bare hill", and the later Old Norse of the Vikings, "brekka", which means a hill slope.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north east and Wasdale to the south east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Mellbreak and the other Loweswater Fells form the extremity of the northern arm.</p><br>
<p>The Loweswater Fells have been compared to the digits of a hand, radiating out south westward from the "palm" centred on Loweswater village. From the west these are Burnbank Fell, Blake Fell, Gavel Fell, Hen Comb and Mellbreak, the "thumb". To continue the hand metaphor, the opposing thumb of Mellbreak is the tenuous northern extremity of Starling Dodd, whilst the other Loweswater Fells are satellites of Great Borne.</p><br>
<p>The fell has been likened (by Alfred Wainwright and others) to the shape of an upturned boat, having north and south tops of roughly equal height and a wide flat depression in between. On the eastern side the steep slopes run down directly to the shore of Crummock Water. Low Ling Crag, a rocky projection into the lake, is a continuation of outcrops higher up. Other crags rim the depression between the two tops.</p><br>
<p>The southern boundary is formed by Scale Beck and its tributary Black Beck. Mellbreak has a third much lower top overlooking this steep sided valley, Scale Kott (1,109 ft). At the head of Black Beck is the connection to Starling Dodd, running south west from Scale Knott. This could hardly be considered a ridge in walking terms, since it begins at the foot of an 800 ft scree slope on the northern flank of Starling Dodd.</p><br>
<p>To the west of Mellbreak is the marshy valley of Mosedale, its beck flowing north to Loweswater village. On the other side is the parallel ridge of Hen Comb. The northern end of Mellbreak rises direct from the valley behind the village, precipitous like a sand castle on a flat beach. From this vantage point its steep gabled profile is an arresting sight. The successive rock tiers of White, Dropping and Raven Crags complete the picture.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mellbreak is formed primarily from the laminated mudstone and siltstone of the Kirkstile Formation. There is an intrusion of basalt on the Crummock face and the southern end around Scale Knott exhibit the Buttermere Formation. This is an olistostrome of disrupted, sheared and folded mudstone, siltstone and sandstone.The rocks of Hen Comb are of the Kirkstile Formation, laminated mudstone and siltstone, often associated with the Skiddaw group.</p><br>
<p>There are two small trials for iron, one on each side of the fell. Neither penetrates for more than a few feet.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>Although the south top is slightly higher, at 512 m (1,680 ft) it is the north top (509 m, 1,670 ft) that is the better summit, being rocky and situated on the top of the crags that make up the north face of the fell. Both carry substantial cairns, that of the true summit being on grass. The views are good from both summits, a consequence of Mellbreak&#39;s isolation and great relative height. The north top brings the Solway Firth into view, but otherwise the differences are mainly confined to the foreground. Grasmoor and Rannerdale Knotts look impressive across the lake, an unexpected glimpse of the Helvellyn range seen behind.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>A popular route up the fell is a path from the village of Loweswater, that threads its way between the crags and rocky outcrops on the north side. The north top is then traversed to reach the summit. A variation misses out the north top, following a slanting path southwards along the Mosedale face to the depression. From the shore of Crummock Water an ascent can be made following Pillar Rake, a diagonal breach in the central rim of crag. A direct climb of the south top direct is best achieved from Buttermere village, starting along the Scale Force path before making for Scale Knott.</p><br>
<p>Mount Afadja is one of the highest mountain in Ghana, at an elevation of 885 m. The mountain is located in the Agumatsa Range near the villages of Liati Wote and Gbledi, in the Volta Region of Ghana at the border with Togo.</p><br>
<p>Afadja is the name of the mountain whereas to in the Ewe dialect means mountain therefore it is called Afadjato by the indigenes. The correct name would be Mount Afadja as Mount Afadjato will be a repetition of the Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The nearby peak of Aduadu, which is higher than Afadjato at over 900m, is about a kilometre to the east.</p><br>
<p>The name of the mountain was derived from the Ewe word Avadzeto, meaning "at war with the bush." The name derives from the presence on the mountainside of a plant causing severe skin irritation.</p><br>
<p>The nearby Tagbo Falls and Wli Falls (the highest in West Africa) are also considered tourist attractions.</p><br>
<p>The Lower East Side Tenement Museum, located at 97 and 103 Orchard Street in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, is a National Historic Site. The five-story brick tenement building at 97 Orchard was home to an estimated 7,000 people, from over 20 nations, between 1863 and 1935. The museum, which includes a visitors&#39; center down the block, promotes tolerance and historical perspective on the immigrant experience.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building at 97 Orchard Street was contracted by Prussian-born immigrant Lukas Glockner in 1863 and was modified several times to conform with the city&#39;s developing housing laws. When first constructed, it contained 22 apartments and a basement level saloon. Over time, four stoop-level and two basement apartments were converted into commercial retail space, leaving 16 apartments in the building. Modifications over the years included the installation of indoor plumbing (cold running water, two toilets per floor), an air shaft, and gas followed by electricity. In 1935, rather than continue to modify the building, the landlord evicted the residents, boarded the upper windows, and sealed the upper floors, leaving only the stoop-level and basement storefronts open for business. No further changes were made until the Lower East Side Tenement Museum became involved with the building in 1988. As such, the building stands as a kind of time capsule, reflecting 19th and early 20th century living conditions and the changing notions of what constitutes acceptable housing.</p><br>
<p>In spite of the restoration, some parts of the upper floors are unstable and remain closed.</p><br>
<p>The Tenement Museum was founded in 1988 by Ruth J. Abram and Anita Jacobson. The Museums key property, the tenement at 97 Orchard Street, was designated a National Historic Landmark on April 19, 1994. The National Historic Site was authorized on November 12, 1998. It is an affiliated area of the National Park Service but is owned and administered by the Lower East Side Tenement Museum. The site received a Save Americas Treasures matching grant for $250,000 in 2000 for preservation work. In 2001 the museum was awarded the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence silver medal. In 2005, the museum was among 406 New York City arts and social service institutions to receive part of a $20 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation, which was made possible through a donation by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg. The National Defense Authorization Act for the 2015 fiscal year expanded the National Historic Site designation to also include the tenement at 103 Orchard Street.</p><br>
<p>The Tenement Museum attracted some negative press in 2007 related to its employees seeking union membership as well as for its planned acquisition of the building at 99 Orchard Street through eminent domain in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits, collections, and programs</h2><br>
<p>The museums exhibits and programs include restored apartments and shops open daily for public tours, depicting the lives of immigrants who lived at 97 Orchard Street between 1869 and 1935, such as Irish and Italian Catholic and European Jewish families. The museum also provides a documentary film and offers tours with costumed interpreters for portraying the buildings former residents, tastings of their communities typical foods, and neighborhood walks. The museums tours place the immigrants&#39; lives in the broader context of American history. The museum also has an extensive collection of historical archives and provides a variety of educational programs.</p><br>
<p>A new exhibition titled "Under One Roof" is slated to open in the fall of 2017. Located at 103 Orchard Street, above the Visitor&#39;s Center, the new exhibition will explore the lives of a Holocaust refugee family, a Puerto Rican migrant family, and a Chinese immigrant family.</p><br>
<h2>The Tenement House Act</h2><br>
<p>There were many Tenement House Acts during the 1800s and 1900s. However, there were three particular Acts that changed the living conditions in housing today. Those three Tenement House Acts were: The Tenement House Act of 1867, The Tenement House Act of 1879, and The Tenement House Act of 1901 which is part of the New York State Tenement House Act.</p><br>
<p>The first tenement house act was called The Tenement House Act of 1867, also known as “the Old Law”. It was the country&#39;s first comprehensive housing reform law. The law required buildings to have fire escapes and at least one toilet for every 20 tenants, and to be connected to the city sewers if possible. However, many people (tenement owners) did not follow the law, so it had little effect. Then came the second Tenement House Act which was called The Tenement House Act of 1879, also known as “the Old Law” and was followed by the 1867 law. Many buildings were outlawing the construction of buildings like 97 Orchard Street that had interior rooms without windows. The 1879 law required all rooms to be open onto the street, the rear yard, or an air shaft, for the tenant to escape the building in an emergency. This led owners to the development of the "dumb-bell" tenement plan. Then came the third Tenement House Act which was called The Tenement House Act of 1901, also known as “The New Law.” The government noticed that many of the tenement buildings were extremely dangerous and unlivable. The 1901 law required buildings to include running water, gas, light, and ventilation. The Dumb-bell tenement plan was outlawed. Since the previous Tenement House Act had not helped change the housing conditions, the law allowed the Tenement House Department to inspect these buildings and enforce the new regulations.</p><br>
<p>The Ontario Legislative Building  is a structure in central Toronto, Ontario that houses the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, as well as the viceregal suite of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario and offices for members of the provincial parliament . The building is surrounded by Queens Park, sitting on that part south of Wellesley Street, which is the former site of King&#39;s College , and which is leased from the university by the provincial Crown for a "peppercorn" payment of CAD$1 per annum on a 999-year term.</p><br>
<p>The building and the provincial government are both often referred to by the metonym "Queen&#39;s Park".</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Designed by Richard A. Waite, the Ontario Legislative Building is an asymmetrical, five storey structure built in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, with a load-bearing iron frame. This is clad inside and out in Canadian materials where possible; the 10.5 million bricks were made by inmates of the Central Prison, and the Ontario sandstone—with a pink hue that has earned the building the colloquial name of The Pink Palace—comes from the Credit River valley and Orangeville, Ontario, and was given a rustic finish for most of the exterior, but dressed for trim around windows and other edges. There can also be seen over the edifice a multitude of stone carvings, including gargoyles, grotesques, and friezes. The exterior is punctuated with uncharacteristically large windows, allowed by the nature of the iron structure.</p><br>
<p>The 1909 North Wing was built by noted Toronto architect George Wallace Gouinlock and E.J. Lennox added two floors to the west wing.</p><br>
<p>The main façade fronts south, with the central axis of the building an extension of that for University Avenue, meaning that the Legislative Building creates a terminating vista for the north end of that main thoroughfare. The Legislative Chamber is directly on this axis, in the centre of the building, and is lit by the three large and prominent arched windows above the main portico. This block is flanked by two domed towers, the west of which was originally intended to hold a clock, but was fitted with a rose window instead, after funds for the clock were never amassed. The asymmetry of the south face was not originally as strong as it is at present; the west wing was designed to have three stories under a pyramidal roof, as the east wing is still formed nowadays. After the fire of 1909, however, the west side of the Legislative Building was repaired and expanded, with an added fourth floor that bears wall dormer windows in a long, gabled roof. At the far termini of the east–west axis, the wings each turn at right angles and extend north, enclosing a three-sided courtyard, in which sits the 1909 block, a free-standing, four storey structure that is rectangular in plan.</p><br>
<p>Inside, a central hall runs between the main entrance at the south and a grand staircase directly opposite, from the mid-landing of which is accessed the parliamentary library in the 1909 block. At the top landing of this stair is the lobby of the legislative chamber, with the door to which centrally aligned in the south wall. From this core, wide corridors extend east and west, each bisected by a long and narrow atrium lined with ornate railings; the east wing is decorated more in the Victorian fashion in which it was built, with dark wood panelling, while the west wing corridor is more Edwardian Neoclassical in style, the walls lined with white marble, and reflecting the time in which it was built.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the Legislative Building is an open area with extensive tree cover, which is often used for public gatherings and demonstrations. The provincial ministries are housed in the separate Ontario Government Buildings complex to the east, comprising the Hearst, Macdonald, Mowat, and Whitney Blocks.</p><br>
<p>The building is featured on both the front and back covers of Rush&#39;s 1981 album Moving Pictures.</p><br>
<h2>Lieutenant Governor's Suite</h2><br>
<p>At the north-west corner of the building is the Lieutenant Governors Suite, which has housed the office of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario since 1937, when Ontario sold the provinces Government House to the federal Crown. The space was previously used as the Cabinet dining room and the Speaker&#39;s apartment.</p><br>
<p>The suite is a three-storey complex, with its own ceremonial staircase and elevator entrances where members of the Canadian Royal Family and visiting dignitaries are greeted. A rose garden, donated by the Monarchist League of Canada in honour of the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 1977, sits on the west side of the building across the driveway.</p><br>
<p>Inside are reception rooms, a state dining room, staff offices, and a kitchen, arranged around a central stair hall. The furnishings and chandeliers throughout the suite came from the last government house, Chorley Park, and paintings come from the Government of Ontario Art Collection and the Toronto Public Library. Special art exhibitions are also commissioned from time to time.</p><br>
<p>The Music Room is the largest space in the viceregal suite, and is the site of New Years&#39; Levées, swearing-in ceremonies for cabinet ministers, and presentations of and investitures for provincial honours.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early structures</h3><br>
<p>The present Ontario Legislative Building is the seventh such structure to serve as Ontario&#39;s parliament building. Either Navy Hall or the Freemasons Hall in Newark, Upper Canada (today Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario), served as the first legislature, where the initial meeting of the House of Assembly occurred on 17 September 1791. Only three years later, however, construction began on a dedicated parliament building in York (now Toronto), as it was felt by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe that the presence of a provincial capital directly across the border from the United States was too great a risk, especially as the relations between the US and Britain were then tense. By June the complex, located at the intersection of Front and Parliament Streets, was completed, and the humble wood structures were dubbed the Palace of Parliament (The structure resembled two military barracks).</p><br>
<p>The relocation to York did not ensure the protection of the capital, however, and the Palace of Parliament was destroyed by fire on 27 April 1813, as a consequence of an attack on the city in the War of 1812. The House of Assembly then met once in the ballroom of the York Hotel (between King and Front Streets), and regularly, from then until 1820, at the home of Chief Justice of the Court of the King&#39;s Bench William Henry Draper, which was located at the present intersection of Wellington and York Streets. The new parliament buildings was a two storey Georgian architecture structure, put up on the site of the previous structure, stood only for four years, succumbing to an accidental fire on 30 December 1824.</p><br>
<p>From then until 1829, the House of Assembly gathered at the newly built York General Hospital, located on the south-east corner of the block bounded by King, Adelaide, John, and Peter Streets; a move that delayed the hospital&#39;s opening until the legislative body moved on to the old Court House, which stood on the north side of King Street, between Toronto and Church Streets. In 1832, a new structure was built on Front Street, west of Simcoe Street, and served continuously as the third parliament building of Upper Canada until the province was united with Lower Canada in 1840, after which the joined assembly was relocated by the then Governor General, Charles Poulett Thomson, Baron Sydenham, to the general hospital building in Kingston. The House of Assembly moved in and out of the Front Street building over the ensuing years, relocating for brief periods to Montreal and Quebec City, even at one point adopting a perambulation system that saw parliament relocate between Toronto and Quebec every four years. With mounting displeasure over the transient nature of the Canadian parliament, and an inability on the part of politicians to agree as to where to locate the legislative building, Queen Victoria was asked to make a selection; over all the other cities in the Province of Canada, she chose Bytown (later Ottawa) in 1857.</p><br>
<h3>Present building</h3><br>
<p>On 1 July 1867, however, the province joined with two others in confederation and was split into the present-day provinces of Ontario and Quebec, meaning that new legislatures were established for each of the two new provincial entities. Toronto was chosen as the capital of the former, and the legislative assembly moved back to the same Front Street property that had been home to the House of Assembly for the Province of Canada, despite the structure having been damaged by fire in 1861 and 1862. By 1880, a request was made for designs for a new parliament building for the province of Ontario, and, when none of the entries were found to be less than $500,000, the legislature approved during 1885 a budget of $750,000 for the chosen scheme by Richard A. Waite. Construction then commenced in 1886, and the Ontario Legislative Building was (though still incomplete) officially opened on 4 April 1893 by the then Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, George Airey Kirkpatrick. The final cost was tallied at approximately CAD$1,250,000, and the design was criticised by some as "too American". This left the old parliament building on Front Street vacant, and it stood as such for nearly a decade before it was demolished from 1900 to 1903. The site was then sold to the Grand Trunk Railway, which ignominiously used the former parliamentary land for freight sheds and marshalling yards. The lands are now occupied by the Canadian Broadcasting Centre, a public square, and a number of high-rise buildings.</p><br>
<p>With an increasing population in the province, it became necessary in 1909 to add a wing to the north side of the Ontario Legislative Building, enclosing the courtyard. As construction was underway, on 1 September men repairing galvanised roofing on the west wing accidentally sparked a fire that eventually destroyed the interior of that part of the edifice, including the legislative library. It then took until 1912 for repairs and reconstructions to be made, and the new wing to be completed. Further expansions of the parliamentary infrastructure were from then on built across the east side of Queen&#39;s Park Crescent, with the Whitney Block built in 1925, the Macdonald and Hepburn Blocks completed in 1968, the Mowat and Hearst Blocks in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The site of the first parliament buildings was most recently a parking lot at a car dealership, but after archaeological excavations at the site and purchase of the property by the Ontario Heritage Trust, an interpretive centre has been constructed.</p><br>
<p>Compass Group runs a staff cafeteria, which includes Tim Hortons.</p><br>
<h2>Security</h2><br>
<p>Security within the Legislative grounds are provided by the Legislative Security Service. Currently members are unarmed, but beginning in 2016 some members will be armed with handguns.</p><br>
<p>The 75 member unit reports to the Sergeant-at-Arms and patrols both Queen&#39;s Park and Whitney Block.</p><br>
<p>Most officers of the unit are ranked as Special Constables or Agents.</p><br>
<p>The Glenelg River is a river in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of the river rise in the Elizabeth and Catherine Range. The river flows in a north-westerly direction past the Whately Range and discharges into Maitland Bay then through George Water, into Doubtful Bay and finally the Timor Sea.</p><br>
<p>The McRae River is a tributary of the Glenelg River.</p><br>
<p>It was first explored in 1838 by a party led by George Grey, but they were poorly prepared and ill-equipped. Grey named the river on 2 March 1838 after Lord Glenelg who was Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1835 to 1839 and under whose auspices Grey undertook his explorations.</p><br>
<p>On 31 March 1929, en route from Sydney to England, the Southern Cross with Charles Kingsford Smith at the helm made an emergency landing on a mudflat near the mouth of the river. The Southern Cross was found and rescued after a fortnight&#39;s searching, with George Innes Beard, Albert Barunga and Wally from Kunmunya Mission the first overland party to reach the downed aircraft.</p><br>
<p>Buffalo City Hall is the seat for municipal government in the City of Buffalo, New York. Located at 65 Niagara Square, the 32-story Art Deco building was completed in 1931 by Dietel, Wade & Jones.</p><br>
<p>The 378 ft building (398 ft when measured from street level to the tip of the tower) is one of the largest and tallest municipal buildings in the United States and is also one of the tallest buildings in Western New York. It was designed by chief architect John Wade with the assistance of George Dietel. The friezes were sculpted by Albert Stewart and the sculpture executed by Rene Paul Chambellan.</p><br>
<p>Buffalo City Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Previous buildings</h3><br>
<p>In 1851, the city bought the property at the northwest corner of Church and Franklin streets in Buffalo to be used for the Mayor&#39;s office and other city offices. On this site, and constructed between 1871 and 1875, the city built a monumental granite structure designed by Rochester architect Andrew Jackson Warner (1833–1910). The building, now known as the County and City Hall, featured three floors and a large, seven-story clock tower. It held offices for the City of Buffalo and Erie County.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, the Buffalo Common Council decided, in light of the fact that the population of the city had quadrupled since the construction of County and City Hall forty-five years earlier, that a new building was needed to house the city government of Buffalo. Niagara Square was chosen as it is one of the central components of Joseph Ellicotts original plan of 1804, laid out for the city of Buffalo. From this location, one can see the waterways of Lake Erie and the shores of Ontario in Canada as well as the rest of downtown Buffalo. On September 16, 1929, construction of the new City Hall began and the building was ultimately completed on November 10, 1931 with the dedication taking place the following summer, on July 1, 1932, commemorating the citys Centennial celebration.</p><br>
<p>When the new City Hall opened and the city offices moved to the present building, the former 1875 County and City Hall became Erie County court offices and was used to hold important city records.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>City Hall was built by the John W. Cowper Company, the same firm who built the Statler Hotel and the Buffalo Athletic Club, also on Niagara Square. The cost of building City Hall was $6,851,546.85 ($ in dollars) including the architect&#39;s fees, making it one of the costliest city halls in the country.</p><br>
<p>City Hall was Buffalo&#39;s tallest building from its construction until 1970 when One Seneca Tower was built. City Hall has 32 stories, 26 of which offer usable office space. The total floor area is 566,313 ft&sup2; and the footprint of the site on Niagara Square is 71,700 ft&sup2;. There are 1,520 windows from the first to the 25th floor. A practical design feature is that all of them open inward, making window washers unnecessary. There are eight elevators to the 13th floor and four to the 25th floor. Curtis Elevator Company furnished the first elevators, with additional elevators supplied later by Otis Elevator Company.</p><br>
<p>There are 5,000 electrical outlets, 5,400 electrical switches and 21 motor driven ventilation fans. Approximately 110 mi of copper wire weighing 43 tons, and 47 mi or 180 tons of conduit pipe, serve the building, as well as 26 mi or five car loads of underfoot conduit. There are either 138 or 143 clocks (counts vary) regulated by a master clock in the basement and 37 fire alarm stations distributed throughout the building.</p><br>
<p>It was originally equipped with 375 telephones and a master switchboard. External illumination was provided from dusk to midnight by 369 flood lights with an average candlepower of 350.</p><br>
<p>City Hall was designed and built with a non-powered air-conditioning system, taking advantage of strong prevailing winds from Lake Erie. Large vents were placed on the west side of the building to catch wind, which would then travel down ducts to beneath the basement, to be cooled by the ground. This cooled air was then vented throughout the building. Winds off the lake were usually strong enough to power air through this system.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 2006, Buffalo City Hall started undergoing renovations from the 13th floor all the way to the top as the flood lights were replaced; three years later, it was the south wing that started undergoing renovations of its own. Renovations were completed by 2009.</p><br>
<p>Tarn Hows is an area of the Lake District National Park, containing a picturesque tarn, approximately 2 mi northeast of Coniston and about 1.5 mi northwest of Hawkshead. It is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the area with over half a million visitors per year in the 1970s and is managed by the National Trust.</p><br>
<p>Tarn Hows is fed at its northern end by a series of valley and basin mires and is drained by Tom Gill which cascades down over several small waterfalls to Glen Mary bridge: named by John Ruskin who felt that Tom Gill required a more picturesque name and so gave the area the title Glen Mary.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Tarn Hows area originally contained three much smaller tarns, Low Tarn, Middle Tarn and High Tarn.</p><br>
<p>Wordsworth&#39;s Guide Through the District of the Lakes (1835 edition) recommends walkers to come this way but passes the tarns without mention.</p><br>
<p>Until 1862 much of the Tarn Hows area was part of the open common grazing of Hawkshead parish. The remaining enclosed land and many of the local farms and quarries were owned by the Marshall family of Monk Coniston Hall (known as Waterhead House at the time). James Garth Marshall (1802–1873) who was the Member of Parliament for Leeds (1847–1852) and third son of the industrialist John Marshall, gained full possession of all of the land after an enclosure act of 1862 and embarked on a series of landscape improvements in the area including expanding the spruce, larch and pine plantations around the tarns; demolition of the Water Head Inn at Coniston; and the construction of a dam at Low Tarn that created the larger tarn that is there today.</p><br>
<p>By 1899 Tarn Hows was already an important beauty spot. H.S. Cowper mentions "Tarn Hows, beloved by skaters in winter and picnic parties in summer. Here comes every day at least one charabanc load of sightseers from Ambleside or Windermere". A wooden boat house that was still standing in the 1950s at the south east corner of the tarn probably dated from this period. In 1913 G.D. Abraham said "Tarn Hows is set wildly among larches and heather slopes, more like a highland lake than the other waters in Lakeland... more suitable for pedestrians than motorists".</p><br>
<h3>Beatrix Potter</h3><br>
<p>In 1930 the Marshall family wanted to sell their 4,000 acre Monk Coniston estate. Beatrix Potters husband, William Heelis of Sawrey, was solicitor for the Marshall family and so was aware of the possibility early on. One of the farms within the estate had previously been owned by Potters great grandfather and so Beatrix was interested in buying the estate as a whole rather than allowing it to be sold off piecemeal for tourist development; however, she could not afford the whole £15,000–£18,000 asking price without selling other properties that she wanted to keep. Neither the National Trust nor the Forestry Commission could obtain the whole sum quickly enough and Potters mother would not lend her the money. Potter wrote that Tarn Hows is such a favourite walk that on the face of it you might think it was a case for public subscription; but it would not work. My mother is known to be so wealthy that nobody would subscribe to help me!&#39;</p><br>
<p>Potter and Heelis negotiated to buy the whole estate for £15,000, relying on the National Trust to be able to appeal to the public to raise enough to buy back 2090 acres from her. During the period when Potter and Heelis owned the whole estate it was successfully managed by the two of them. The National Trusts appeal had raised nearly enough before the summer of 1930 and they bought most of the land from Potter – she donated the last part anonymously. When the Trust took over in September it asked Potter to carry on managing the land on its behalf. Bruce Thompson, the National Trust agent for its properties in the north of England, wrote in The Lake District and the National Trust in 1936 that "The Tarns and its setting were given to the nation by Sir S. H. Scott in 1930 as part of the Trusts general scheme for securing a large part of the Monk Coniston estate. The gift was made in memory of Sir James and Lady Scott." Presumably he donated the funds to the appeal to buy this portion of the estate.</p><br>
<p>The remaining half of the Monk Coniston estate was bequeathed by Potter in her will to the National Trust.</p><br>
<h3>National Trust era</h3><br>
<p>Tarn Hows was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1965.</p><br>
<p>The National Trust have made a number of more recent changes to the area including moving the car parks to a less obtrusive place in the 1960s and general footpath and road improvements to minimize the damage caused by the visitors. In May 2008 a building designed to harmonise with the landscape was opened, providing toilets and an information display under a sedum green roof.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>" The hills by the pool(s); tjǫrn/tarn, haugr/how(e). There are five or six low hills, most of which form an intake. The pools, now amalgamated through damming, used to be separated by Tarn Moss and called The Tarns (High, Middle and Low Tarn)."Tjǫrn and haugr are ON (Old Norse), tarn&#39; is dialect</p><br>
<p>Mantzavinata  is a village in the southwest of Kefalonia island, Greece, where the famous Mantzavino Wine is sold. Mantzavinata is 4 km southwest of Lixouri on the Paliki peninsula. Mantzavinata has three churches and a small square called Lemonata. A wine festival is held each August in Mantzavinata.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mantzavinata is surrounded by hills, many covered with groves. Farming and agriculture are the main industry in Mantzavinata, although due to the nearby beaches, tourism also plays a significant part in the economy. Together with the smaller village Vouni and the islet of Vardianoi, it forms the community of Katogi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Maspali hill was perhaps an ancient acropolis. At Vazza, a Roman mosaic was found and is displayed today at the Archaeological Museum of Kefalonia. Two of the three churches are original structures from the 17th century.</p><br>
<p>Until the 1940s, Mantzavinata was an important centre of wine and raisin production. World War II, and the complete destruction of the village in the 1953 Ionian earthquake increased emigration. It took until the mid-1950s to rebuild the village.</p><br>
<p>The former farmland around Mantzavinata is popular for house building. Today many families built also their new homes outside of the center near the beaches Xi and Mania. This new settlement is also known as Kounopetra.</p><br>
<h3>Name</h3><br>
<p>The name Mantzavinata comes from the Italian words mangiare (eat) and vino (wine), -ata is the typical ending for places in Kefalonia. Mantzavinata had several persons with the surname Mantzavinos/Mantzavinatos, one of whom founded a subdivision in Patras known as Mantzavineika. Another founded the Mantzavinateio Hospital in Lixouri.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Mount Bonython  is one of two major peaks in the Adelaide hills visible from Adelaide. The other, about a kilometre to the south and some 50 m higher, is Mount Lofty. Mount Bonython is named after Sir John Langdon Bonython and was previously known simply as Little Mount. There is a telecommunications tower used for the Telstra NextG network located at its summit.</p><br>
<p>According to the mythology of the indigenous Kaurna people, the Mount Lofty Ranges were part of the story of the ancestor-creator Nganno. Nganno travelled across the land of the Kaurna and after being wounded in a battle, lay down to die and formed the Mount Lofty Ranges. The current name of the Greater Mount Lofty Parklands, Yurrebilla, is taken from the Kaurna name for the twin hills of Mount Lofty and Mount Bonython, which are supposed to be Nganno&#39;s ears.</p><br>
<p>Masirah or Mazeira Island  is an island off the East coast of mainland Oman and the largest island of Oman. It is 95 km long north-south, between 12 and 14 km wide, with an area of about 649 km², and a population estimated at 12,000 in 12 villages mainly in the north of the island . Administratively, it forms one of the eleven provinces  of the Ash Sharqiyah Region. The principal village is Ras-Hilf in the northern part of the island. It contains a Royal Air Force of Oman air base and a fish factory, as well as a few small towns. Previously, the BBC had a relay facility consisting of both HF and MF broadcasting transmitters stationed there. Most of the island&#39;s interior is deserted, with access to the island only possible by a small ferry for cars or by Royal Air Force of Oman Airbus A320 or Lockheed C-130 Hercules flights.</p><br>
<p>The main industries are fishing and traditional textile manufacturing. Formerly, traditional ship building was important.</p><br>
<h2>Landscape</h2><br>
<p>The rugged terrain of the island and surrounding rough coastline has led to the appearance of many wrecked dhows on the beaches of the island, most of them well preserved by the salt water and intense heat. About 2:20 A.M. on 21 September 1835, the USS Peacock grounded on a coral reef. At high noon, the latitude was determined to be 20° 00′ north, and the longitude 58° 5″ east. Peacock later obtained this letter:</p><br>
<p>I certify that during the period I have navigated the Arabian coast, and been employed in the trigonometrical survey of the same, now executing by order of the Bombay government, that I have ever found it necessary to be careful to take nocturnal as well as diurnal observations, as frequent as possible, owing to the rapidity and fickleness of the currents, which, in some parts, I have found running at the rate of three and four knots, and I have known the Palinurus set between forty and fifty miles dead in shore, in a dead calm, during the night.</p><br>
<p>It is owing to such currents, that I conceive the United States ship of war Peacock run aground, as have many British ships in previous years, on and near the same spot; when at the changes of the monsoons, and sometimes at the full and change, you have such thick weather, as to prevent the necessary observations being taken with accuracy and the navigator standing on with confidence as to his position, and with no land in sight, finds himself to his sorrow, often wrong, owing to a deceitful and imperceptible current, which has set him with rapidity upon it. The position of Mazeira Island, is laid down by Owen many miles too much to the westward.</p><br>
<p>Given under my hand this 10th day of November, 1835.</p><br>
<p>S. B. Haines.</p><br>
<p>Commander of the</p><br>
<p>Honourable East India Company&#39;s</p><br>
<p>surveying brig Palinurus.</p><br>
<p>To sailing master,</p><br>
<p>John Weems, U. S. Navy.</p><br>
<p>The ocean bottom environment surrounding Masirah is hostile as the majority of the area is covered in either sand or hard rock. There is a swift current flowing through the area with a very sharp halocline visible on the surface of the ocean. The water depth nearby is around 10 m and is not conducive to side-scan sonar searches due to the shallow water and choppy surface conditions. Despite the poor quality ocean bottom, the area is very productive with marine fisheries, and any hard objects (barrels, engines) are immediately colonized by local fauna.</p><br>
<p>During summer there is normally a constant strong wind which is ideal for kite and windsurfers. Big waves are a result of the wind on the sea side and is so also attractive for wave surfers. Kite and windsurfers can pick spots around the island according to their skill and what conditions they prefer.</p><br>
<p>On 5–6 June 2007, 7000 people on the island were forced to temporarily leave their homes due to the high storm waves produced by the powerful Cyclone Gonu, the strongest to hit the Persian Gulf region in 60 years.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Located about 19 km off the east side of Barr al Hikman, the island is generally hilly, especially on its east side. The hills along the east side of the island are separated from the island coast by a narrow sandy plain; they run nearly its entire length.</p><br>
<p>A steep plateau stands in the middle of the range on the northeast side of the island. Along the west side of the island, there are a few low hills separated from the east range by an extensive sandy plain marked by several hillocks.</p><br>
<p>Jabal Madrub, a 256 m high mountain, stands about 13 km south of the north end of the island.</p><br>
<p>Ras Abu Rasas, the south extremity of Al Masirah, is low and rocky. Jabal Suwayr (Jabal al Hilm), a conspicuous conical hill, rises to a height of 153 m, about three km north-northeast of Ras Abu Rasas.</p><br>
<p>Ras Kaydah, a small and rocky headland, has a conspicuous, conical hill about 20 m high nearby. There are small islets 600 m east and four km north of Ras Kayda.</p><br>
<p>The coast between Ras Kaydah and Ras Zafaranat, about 27 km to the northeast, is regular with a few small rounded projections and a low rocky beach. Haql (Hakkan), a small village in a grove of trees, lies close to the shore about eight km north of Ras Kaydah.</p><br>
<p>Ras Zafaranat is rocky with hills rising abruptly.</p><br>
<p>Between Ras Abu Rasas and Ras Kaydah, about 18 km to the northeast, the coast is indented by small, sandy bays fringed by rocks.</p><br>
<p>Ras al Ya, about three km northeast of Ras Zafaranat, is the east extremity of the island and consists of a prominent bluff rising to a ridge of hills which extend westward to the center of the island.</p><br>
<p>A conspicuous peak, 99 meters high, stands about three km west-northwest of Ras al Ya. Jabal Madrub rises about five km farther west-northwest.</p><br>
<p>Ras al Jazirah, about six km north-northwest of Ras al Ya, is rocky and well-marked by a black patch on its south side. A sharp peak, rising to a height of 95 m, stands about three km west of this point.</p><br>
<p>Jazirat Thukhayr, a sandy islet close north of Ras al Jazirah, lies on a drying reef connected to the shore. Drying rocks extend up to 300 m off the eastern extremity of the islet. The coast between Ras al Jazirah and Ras Qudufah, the northeast extremity of the island, about 11 km further north-northwest, is indented by a bay.</p><br>
<p>Ras Qudufah, consisting of two rocky projections about 800 meters apart, rises to Jabal al Jidufa, about 64 m high, a short distance inland. A cairn stands on a hill close south of Jabal al Jidufa. A small monument stands close southwest of Ras Qudufah.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Saiq has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with hot summers and warm winters. Precipitation is low, and falls mainly from February to April as well as in the brief monsoon season from June to August.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Masirah Island has just opened for tourism. You can still only get to the island by ferry, managed by the National Ferry Company www.nfc.om, which runs six times a day between Shannah to Masirah. By now, there is a four-star-hotel and a kitesurfing camp. For kitesurfers, Masirah is an attractive spot in summer because of the monsoon winds which blow steadily at over 20 knots.</p><br>
<p>Rental cars are available on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Military base</h2><br>
<p>The British established a military presence on Masirah in the 1930s. A small stone building, a fuel store for flying boats, stood at the midpoint of the island on the west side, and had a stone above the door inscribed "RAF 1936". Reputedly, the fuel store was locked and visiting aircrew used to bring a key, refuel from cans, lock the store and fly onwards.</p><br>
<p>A dispute between British forces and the local inhabitants in 1942, led by one of two local sheikhs, who were eventually forced to flee the island.</p><br>
<p>During WW II, The British paid the Sultan of Muscat a stipend of £18,000 per annum for affording British forces necessary facilities, which included Masirah. A Cabinet Office memorandum of 1945 recommended the acquisition of Masirah on a 99-year lease, US interests in the island notwithstanding (During World War II the United States also had a base on the island.). The Sultan was to be offered an annual payment of £3,750 with an initial premium of £7,500. The base continued to expand into the 1970s, supporting British and Oman forces fighting insurgents during the Dhofar Rebellion and providing transit facilities for long-distance RAF flights.</p><br>
<p>The British military presence at RAF Masirah extended until 31 March 1977, when Sultan of Oman&#39;s Air Force (now the Royal Air Force of Oman) took over the base, which became first SOAF Masirah and then RAFO Masirah. The base included a HF communications hub and a rear link to SAS units based in Oman in support of the actions against rebels in the south of the country (RAF Salalah).</p><br>
<p>United States units used Masirah Island as a staging base in Operation Eagle Claw, the unsuccessful 1980 attempt to free US hostages then held in Iran. The island was subsequently used as a staging area for operations into Afghanistan in 2001.</p><br>
<p>the American private military contractor DynCorp had a contract to staff and serve a US military storage-depot at this base.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The island is an important hatching ground for loggerhead sea turtles, similar in importance to the beaches at Ras al Hadd and nearby Ras al-Jinz as a hatching ground for green sea turtles. Critically endangered and the most unique population of humpback whales also migrate in the waters surrounding the island and Masirah gulf.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Historically, the island had copper ore mining.</p><br>
<p>Ardery Island is a steep, rocky island, about 1 km long, lying 1.8 km west of Odbert Island in the Windmill Islands of Antarctica.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was first mapped from air photos taken by the US Navy&#39;s Operation Highjump and Operation Windmill in 1947 and 1948. It was named by the US Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Major E. R. Ardery, an Army Corps of Engineers observer who assisted Windmill parties in establishing astronomical control stations between Wilhelm II Coast and Budd Coast during the 1947-48 season.</p><br>
<p>Cave Ravine is a ravine in the western part of the island. It was first mapped by Operation Highjump and later visited in 1961 by Dr M. N. Orton, medical officer at Wilkes Station. It was so named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) for a cave in the western wall of the ravine. Cave Landing is an ice foot near Cave Ravine which affords a boat landing in spring and summer. It was discovered by Dr Orton during his visit to Cave Ravine, and named by ANCA.</p><br>
<p>Mast Point is the westernmost point of the island. It was named by US-ACAN for Clarence W. Mast, a member of the Wilkes Station party of 1958.</p><br>
<p>Hiegel Passage is the sea passage between Ardery Island and Holl and Ford Islands to the south. It was named by the US-ACAN for Commander James A. Hiegel, leader of Mobile Construction Battalion Number One, who supervised the construction of Wilkes Station in February 1957.</p><br>
<h2>Antarctic Specially Protected Area</h2><br>
<p>Ardery Island, along with nearby Odbert Island, is protected under the Antarctic Treaty System as Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No.103 because they support several breeding species of petrel and provide examples of their habitat, notably that of Antarctic petrels and southern fulmars.</p><br>
<p>Beall Island is an Antarctic rocky island, 1.1 nmi long, with small coves indenting the east and west sides, lying 0.2 nmi northwest of Mitchell Peninsula in the Windmill Islands. It was first mapped from air photos taken by USN Operation Highjump and Operation Windmill in 1947 and 1948. It was named by the US-ACAN for James M. Beall, USA Weather Bureau observer with Operation Windmill who assisted staff aerology officers with forecasting duties.</p><br>
<h2>Beall Reefs</h2><br>
<p>The Beall Reefs are submarine ridges with depths of less than 1 fathom, located 0.5 nmi west of the island; they were discovered from the launch at Wilkes Station in 1961 and named by ANCA after the island.</p><br>
<h2>Connors Point</h2><br>
<p>Connors Point is the northwest point of the island. It was named by the US-ACAN for Aerographer&#39;s Mate William J. Connors, USN, a member of the Wilkes Station party of 1958.</p><br>
<p>The University of Kansas Natural History Museum is part of the University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute, a KU designated research center dedicated to the study of the life of the planet.</p><br>
<p>The museums galleries are in Dyche Hall on the universitys main campus in Lawrence, Kansas. The galleries are open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Tuesday through Saturday and noon to 4 p.m. on Sundays. Dyche Hall has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 14, 1974; it was listed for its connection with Lewis Lindsay Dyche and for its distinctive Romanesque style of architecture. Dyche Hall is also the site of one of only three Victory Eagle statues in Kansas, once used as markers on the Victory Highway.</p><br>
<p>Among its more than 350 separate exhibits, the museum is famous for its Panorama of North American Wildlife, part of which represented Kansas in the 1893 World&#39;s Colombian Exposition in Chicago, and was the impetus for the funding and construction of Dyche Hall and its Natural History Museum between 1901–1903. Modeled after a church in France, Dyche Hall was designed to house the Panorama in the "apse" of the entrance gallery. The museum is also renowned for Comanche (horse), the only survivor on the USA Cavalry side of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, for its extensive exhibits of plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, pterosaurs and other fossils from the Kansas Chalk, and most recently for its newest displays of mammalian skulls, the parasites of sharks and rays, and the pre-Columbian archaeology of Costa Rica.</p><br>
<p>The Biodiversity Institute, with more than 10 million specimens of plants, animals, fossils, and archaeological artifacts, is one of the worlds leaders in collection-based studies of systematics, evolution, phylogenetics, paleobiology, past cultures, biodiversity modeling, and in providing digital access to collection-based biodiversity data biodiversity informatics, including deploying these data for forecasting environmental phenomena. The Institutes collections, faculty-curators, staff and students are housed in six buildings across the KU campus, with the most recent expansion occurring in 2006–2007, when the Division of Entomology, along with parts of the ornithological and mammal collection, were moved to a new facility on the university&#39;s West Campus.</p><br>
<p>Tupungato, one of the highest mountains in the Americas, is a massive Andean stratovolcano dating to Pleistocene times. It lies on the border between the Chilean Metropolitan Region  and the Argentine province of Mendoza, about 100 km south of Aconcagua, the highest peak of both the Southern and Western Hemispheres. Immediately to its southwest is the active Tupungatito volcano, which last erupted in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The mountain gives its name to the Tupungato Department, an important Argentine wine producing region in the Mendoza province.</p><br>
<h2>1947 plane crash</h2><br>
<p>On August 2, 1947, the airliner Star Dust, an Avro Lancastrian carrying six passengers and five crew over the Andes range, crashed into a steep glacier high on the Argentine side of Tupungato. The plane was quickly buried in the resulting avalanche and heavy snowfall that was taking place at the time. The plane lay undetected deep beneath the snow and glacial ice for over 50 years, before its remnants finally re-emerged at the glacier terminus in 2000. Shortly thereafter, an Argentine army expedition discovered the scattered debris and wreckage, collecting some of the evidence for investigation.</p><br>
<p>Jones Motor Company is a historic USA Route 66-era building in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Built in 1939, on Central Avenue in the Nob Hill neighborhood of Albuquerque, the building originally housed Ralph Jones&#39; service station and Ford Motor Company car dealership. It was designed by Tom Danahy in the Streamline Moderne style, with curved garage bays surmounted by a central stepped tower.</p><br>
<p>Jones Motor Company was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places in 1993, and was designated as a protected city landmark in 2001. In 2000 it was restored and converted into Kelly&#39;s Brew Pub after lying empty for many years. It also houses a Cold Stone Creamery location.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson Davis Monument State Historic Site is a Kentucky state park commemorating the birthplace of Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America, in Fairview, Kentucky. The site&#39;s focal point is a 351 ft concrete obelisk. In 1973, it was believed to be the fourth-tallest monument in the United States and the tallest concrete-cast one.</p><br>
<h2>History of the monument</h2><br>
<p>Simon Bolivar Buckner, Sr., a Confederate general, first proposed the idea of a monument for Davis during a reunion of the Orphan Brigade of the Confederate Army in 1907. Construction began in 1917 but stopped in 1918 at a height of 175 ft due to building material rationing during World War I. Construction resumed in January 1922 and was finished in 1924 at a cost of $200,000. The monument&#39;s base was set on limestone bedrock and limestone was quarried on the site for use in its construction. The concrete walls are 8.5 ft thick at the base and taper to 2.5 ft thick at the top. The monument was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The obelisk was closed to the public from 1999 until May 2004 for renovations and construction of a new visitor center. At the top of the monument is an observation room with a window in each of the four walls. Originally, this room could only be reached by climbing stairs which went around the interior of the monument; an elevator, installed in 1929, now takes visitors to and from the observation room.</p><br>
<h2>Park details</h2><br>
<p>The Jefferson Davis State Historic Site is one of eleven historic sites in Kentucky which include small parks and are maintained by the Kentucky Department of Parks. The park covers 19 acre and includes open and covered picnic areas and a playground.</p><br>
<p>At the visitors center museum, visitors can watch a video describing Davis life and the construction of the monument. Guided elevator tours of the monument are available daily.</p><br>
<p>The center sells books and memorabilia about Davis, the American Civil War, and the surrounding area, as well as Kentucky handcrafts. The park is open from May 1 until October 31.</p><br>
<h2>Monument size</h2><br>
<p>The monument is the tallest unreinforced concrete structure in the world. No steel was used to reinforce the concrete walls below its pyramidal top. As one pour was completed, large chunks of limestone were left projecting up to connect it to the next pour above. It is also the tallest concrete obelisk in the world. It is the second tallest obelisk in the world after the Washington Monument.</p><br>
<p>It is the fifth tallest monument in the United States, behind the Gateway Arch at 630 ft, the San Jacinto Monument at 567 ft, the Washington Monument at 555 ft, and the Perrys Victory and International Peace Memorial at 352 ft. The Crazy Horse Memorial, not yet completed, has a planned height of 563 ft. Elsewhere in the world, the Great Pyramid of Giza, Khafres Pyramid, Spring Temple Buddha, and Ushiku Daibutsu are taller monuments.</p><br>
<p>The Belmont-Sheffield Trust and Savings Bank Building is a six-story building built in 1928 at 1001 W. Belmont Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. The building was designed by architect John Nyden and is on the National Register of Historical Places. It was constructed in a U-shape around a two-story central atrium, which allowed light to reach the bank lobby—the glass atrium has since been roofed over.</p><br>
<p>When the building was first completed, it held the Belmont-Sheffield Trust and Savings Bank on the first floor and part of the second; offices on the rest of the second floor and on the third floor; and the Montfield Hotel (address 3146 N. Sheffield) on floors four through six. However, the bank closed on June 24, 1932, due to financial difficulty following the Great Depression. The bank portion of the building then remained vacant until World War II, when local rationing board 40-46 took over the space. The building also housed the Lake View Citizens&#39; Council in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>It struggled with vacancy until 1984, when a developer received a federal loan to convert the Montfield Hotel into 54 apartments, maintaining stores on the ground floor. The building was sold again to another developer and the upper floors converted into loft condos in 2005, which are now listed at the address 3150 N. Sheffield. In 2008, the Commission on Chicago Landmarks designated the building a landmark along with 15 other neighborhood bank buildings.</p><br>
<p>Louros  is a town and a former municipality in the Preveza regional unit, Epirus, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Preveza, of which it is a municipal unit. The seat of the municipality was the small town of Louros . The area of the municipal unit is 176.075 km², with a population of 4,581 people . The town and municipal unit are named after the river Louros which flows just south of the town. Until recently, the Louros valley was swampy, but in modern times the marshes were drained and are now used for the production of olives, oranges and tomatoes. Besides the town of Louros itself, the largest towns in the municipality are Néos Oropós , Stefáni , Vrysoúla , Áno Ráchi , and Áno Kotsanópoulo .</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Louros is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Ano Rachi</p><br>
<p>Kotsanopoulo (Ano Kotsanopoulo, Kato Kotsanopoulo)</p><br>
<p>Louros</p><br>
<p>Neo Sfinoto</p><br>
<p>Oropos (Neos Oropos)</p><br>
<p>Revmatia (Revmatia, Kato Revmatia)</p><br>
<p>Skiadas (Skiadas, Aloni, Kontates)</p><br>
<p>Stefani</p><br>
<p>Trikastro</p><br>
<p>Vrysoula</p><br>
<p>Bousquet Island, 0.3 nmi long, lies immediately east of Herring Island in the Windmill Islands. It was first mapped from air photos taken by USN Operation Highjump in 1946 and 1947. Named by C. R. Eklund, station scientific leader, for Utilities Man 2nd Class Edward A. Bousquet, USN, a Navy Support force member of the 1957 wintering party at Wilkes Station during the International Geophysical Year .</p><br>
<p>Bousquet Island lies 17 km south-south-east of Casey Station, operated year-round by the Australian Government Antarctic Division in Hobart, Tasmania. Sometimes also known as Little Herring Island, the site is well-known to Casey expeditioners for its population of breeding Weddell Seals which pup on the sea ice in theimmediate vicinity of the island.</p><br>
<p>Mount Bahaya , also known as Mount Karkoor, is the fourth-tallest mountain in Somalia, after the triple-peaked mountains Mount Shimbiris, Mount Surud Cad, and Mount Warraq and the only Ultra-prominent peak in Somalia with a summit of about 2,100 m. It is located in the northern Bari region, 60 km east of Bosaso, and 20 km southwest of Qandala, close to the Red Sea. The exact elevation is uncertain, being either 2,065 m, According to one 1974 map from the Defense Mapping Agency, it could even be 2,135 m in height.</p><br>
<p>With a prominence of 1,543 to 1,613 meters, it is an Ultra-prominent peak, making it the 74th to 58th most prominent peak in Africa, and the only definite one in the country of Somalia. The taller Mount Shimbiris could possibly be an Ultra-prominent peak as well, with a measured prominence of 1,495 m. The mountain is highly elongated in a northwest-southeast direction, leading some to list the southern and northern ends as Bahaya and Karkoor, respectively.</p><br>
<p>Mount Bahaya is the tallest peak in the Fadhisame Mountains, which are in northeastern Somalia. The range itself is a small section of the larger Ogo Mountains, which define the northern Horn of Africa in most of Somalia, and which extend further east, their peaks forming the Socotra Archipelago. Bahaya, along with the surrounding range, is mostly made up of the deeply-eroded remnants of an ancient volcanic chain.</p><br>
<p>The Gold Dome, a geodesic dome in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, is a landmark on Route 66. It was built in 1958 and is located at the intersection of NW 23rd Street and North Classen Boulevard. It was declared eligible to be listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>In 1958, the Citizens State Bank began construction. The Gold Dome building was the fifth geodesic dome constructed in the world and the first to be used as a bank. It was described as “one of the nation’s most revolutionary bank designs.” Using the geodesic dome design created by futurist and architect Buckminster Fuller, the architects for the Citizens State Bank, Bailey, Bozalis, Dickinson, and Roloff of Oklahoma City created this unusual Oklahoma City landmark. The dome is constructed of 625 panels, ranging in size from 7.5 to 11.5 ft in length, 60 – 70 pounds in weight each, and spanning a diameter of 145 ft. The interior covers about 27,000 square feet.1 The Gold Dome bank was an approximately $1 million investment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1998, the Oklahoma City Government pursued a new zoning area along NW 23rd Street, including the area where the Gold Dome is located in order to preserve the unique architecture and “commercial nature” of NW 23rd Street. Twenty-third Street is located between the urban conservation districts of the Paseo and Jefferson Park to the north, and the historic preservation districts of Mesta Park and Heritage Hills to the South. The new zoning area would require property owners to gain permission from a design review board before demolishing or modifying buildings in this area.</p><br>
<p>In July 2001 Bank One, which owned the Gold Dome building, applied to the Urban Design Commission (the result of 1998 efforts) for permission to demolish the building. The bank stated that the structure was too large to serve as a bank and refurbishing it would be too costly (Bank One estimated it would cost roughly $1.7 million). The bank intended to sell the property to Walgreens, which would place the new pharmacy across the street from its competitor, Eckerd.</p><br>
<p>A group organized to save the Gold Dome, "Citizens for the Golden Dome", appealed to the Bank One president, urging him not only to save the building in deference to its unique history and contribution to the "urban character" of OKC, but to also apply for landmark zoning from the OKC Historic Preservation and Landmark Commission, and apply for listing on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In August 2001, the Bank One president offered different alternatives to demolition of the building, including constructing a smaller building on a portion of the property to serve as the Bank One location next door to the gold dome building. The president left a sixty-day window for prospective buyers interested in saving the building to come forward, but did not state what would happen if no one offered to buy the building.</p><br>
<p>The State Historic Preservation Office declared the building eligible for landmark status, although usually reserved for buildings at least 50 years old.</p><br>
<p>A Bethany company, Blue Stuff, seemed to be the only viable hope for preservation of the Gold Dome. Blue Stuff planned to move into the building, having outgrown its own location. The company’s spokesman did not feel the Gold Dome would be as costly to repair as Bank One claimed.</p><br>
<p>Efforts to save the Gold Dome included picketing and marches, but in September 2001, a couple extended the efforts by writing a song.</p><br>
<p>By December 2001, after several reprieves by the bank president, the time allotted by Bank One for buyers wanting to preserve the Gold Dome to come forward was up. However, the Bank One officials agreed once again to extend the postponement of demolition until January. Bank One stated they were open to other alternatives, but would have to go forward with plans to sell the building to Walgreens if a buyer did not come forward. Bank One even offered to help save the actual dome and have it transplanted to another site.</p><br>
<p>An ownership group was formed, Gold Dome LLC, to take over financing of the building to save it.</p><br>
<p>As of April 2011, Gold Dome owner Irene Lam had not maintained payment on the loans secured by the Oklahoma City council through United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for the building. On 12 April 2011 the Oklahoma City council voted to take over responsibility to pay back the loan to HUD.</p><br>
<p>Irene Lam fell behind on her property tax obligations, failing to fulfill nearly fifty thousand dollars in property tax obligations to the City of Oklahoma City and only repaying interest upon the federal loan. Bank 7 in Oklahoma City foreclosed on the property and The Gold Dome was put up for auction on 13 September 2012 David Box, a local OKC developer, purchased the Gold Dome at the public auction for $800,000. He claimed in September 2012 to have no plans to tear it down, but reversed this stance in March 2013, applying for a demolition permit for the historic structure which the city has refused to issue.</p><br>
<p>In June 2013, Edmond environmental engineering firm TEEMCO announced plans to renovate the Gold Dome and move its 65-person operation into the building. Changes to the building included large saltwater and freshwater fish tanks being placed in the lobby, as well as a digital touchscreen wall for guests to interact with. However, in March 2015, Gold Dome owner David Box announced that the property was back on the market after TEEMCO had fallen into financial distress with falling oil prices.</p><br>
<p>In May of 2015, Land Run Commercial Properties purchased the building for $1.1 million. The new developers filed for a $2.5 million building permit in August of 2016 to convert the building into a Natural Grocers store and preserve the dome.</p><br>
<p>Arikamedu is an archaeological site in Southern India, in Kakkayanthope, Ariyankuppam Commune, Puducherry. It is 4 km from the capital, Pondicherry of the Indian territory of Puducherry.</p><br>
<p>Sir Mortimer Wheeler 1945, and Jean-Marie Casal conducted archaeological excavations there in 1947–1950. The site was identified as the port of Podouke, known as an "emporium" in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and Ptolemy. Digs have found Amphorae, Arretine ware, Roman lamps, glassware, glass and stone beads, and gems at the site. Based on these excavations, Wheeler concluded that the Arikamedu was a Greek (Yavana) trading post that traded with Rome, starting during the reign of Augustus Caesar, and lasted about two hundred years—from the late first century BCE to the first and second centuries CE. Subsequent investigation by Vimala Begley from 1989 to 1992 modified this assessment, and now place the period of occupation from the 2nd century BCE to the 8th century CE.</p><br>
<p>Significant findings at Arikamedu include numerous Indo-Pacific beads, which facilitated fixing the period of its origin. Red and black ceramics—known as megalithic stones or Pandukal in Tamil meaning "old stones" and used to mark graves—have existed at the site even prior to and during Roman occupation of the site, and also in later periods.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Arikamedu is a coastal fishing village, under the Ariankuppam Panchayat, on the southeastern coast of India, 4 km from Pondicherry, on the Pondicherry-Cuddalore road; it was originally a French colonial town. It is located on the bank of the Ariyankuppam River (for most part of the year the river is considered a lagoon), also known as Virampattinam River, which forms the northern outlet of the Gingee River as it joins the Bay of Bengal. As the site is located at the bend of the river it provides protection to sea-going vessels that dock there. The site has been subject to extensive archaeological excavations. The archaeological site is spread over an area of 34.57 acre and has been under the control of the Archaeological Survey of India since 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name Arikamedu, an archaeological usage for the excavated site, originates in a Tamil word that means Mound of Arakan, based on the figurine of an avatar (incarnation) of the Jain Tirthankara Mahavira found at the site. It is also linked with Viraiyapattinam or Virampattinam, meaning Port of Virai, a village next to Arikamedu. Virai, according to Sangam literature, was well known as a port and also for its salt pans during the Velir dynasty. Arikamedu-Virampatnam together find mention as Poduke, a major port in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea in the first century CE and as Poduke emporion in Ptolemy&#39;s Geographia of mid first century CE. Poduke is a Roman name and is also said to be a corrupted version of the Tamil name Potikai, meaning a "meeting place", also known for the local Poduvar clan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first mention about Arikamedu was in 1734, in a communication from the Consul of the Indo-French colony of Pondicherry. It informed the French East India Company that villagers were extracting old bricks from the Virampattinam. The earliest mention of the Arikamedu archaeological site was by Le Gentil of France, who the King of France had assigned to observe notable astronomical occurrences in the world. Gentil, after visiting Arikamedu, confirmed the earlier report of the Consul of the Indo-French colony.</p><br>
<p>In 1765, when he visited the ruins at the site, he found the people of the village collecting large ancient bricks exposed at the river bank. The villagers told him that they had retrieved the bricks from an old fort of the king the Vira-Raguen. In 1937, Jouveau Dubreuil, an Indologist, also from France, purchased gem stone antiquities from local children, and also gathered some exposed on the site&#39;s surface. In particular, he found an intaglio carved with the picture of a man. As a numismatist, he identified the intaglio as Augustus Caesar. He also found fine beads and gems. He concluded that these antiquities belonged to the Roman Empire. Dubreuil informed the local Governor of Pondicherry about his find, and called Arikamedu "a true Roman city." He published a short note about his findings.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1940s, Service des Travaux Publics carried out random excavations. Father Fancheux and Raymand Surleau, who were not qualified archaeologists, carried out the excavations at Arikamedu and sent a few antiquities to Indian museums, and also to the École française d&#39;Extrême-Orient in Hanoi.</p><br>
<p>Sir R.E.M.Wheeler, the Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India, in the 1940s saw a few potsherds of Arikamedu site displayed in the Madras Museum, which he identified as Arrentine ware, an expensive ceramic made until 50 CE in Arizzo, Italy. Thereafter, when he visited the Pondicherry Museum and saw more of the findings from the Arikamedu site, he was impressed and thought that he had found the links between the Classical Mediterranean and Ancient India. Soon thereafter in 1945, the penultimate year of World War II, he mounted excavations in a scientific manner. He was looking for an archaeological site in India that could establish its cultural link, a datum of the Indian antiquities to the Greco-Roman period, and this quest led him to the Arikamedu site. These excavations also involved Indian archaeologists, who were trained on the site.</p><br>
<p>Wheeler published his findings in 1946. He noted that, for the local fishermen of the village, the antiquities were strange—as they consisted of lamps, glass items, gemstones, cutlery and crockery, wine containers, etc. He also observed that traders traveled from west coast and from Ceylon, Kolchoi (Colchi) and the Ganges area to trade goods such as gems, pearls and spices, and silk. He carried out excavations carefully, so that none of the antiquities were damaged. This was followed by investigations after the war, from 1947–1950 by Jean-Marie Casal. His report of excavations was not as fully published as Wheeler&#39;s. His report was not well known in India, as it was not written in English. However, his important conclusion was that the site belonged to an early megalithic period, as he had located megalithic burials marked by stones, locally known in Tamil as Pandukal close to the site.</p><br>
<p>The excavations led to antiquities of Roman origin such as beads and gems, amphorae (wine making vats) with remnants of wine, a Roman stamp, big bricks recovered from an old wall, Arretine ware and so forth. From these antiquities Wheeler concluded that the site was related to a period of trading with Rome, and that it was first established by emperor Augustus. He also noted that this Indo-Roman trade lasted for a period of about 200 years, till 200 CE. Wheeler also found the Chinese celadon, identified to belong to the Song-Yuan dynasty, and Chola coins from about the eleventh century, but these were rejected as despoiling items or remnants left by brick-robbers. Items Chinese blue-and-white ware were also recovered from the site.</p><br>
<p>Wheeler noted that "rouletted Ware" found at the site (designated as "Arikamedu Type 1" in the scientific study under the "Arikamedu Type 10 Project: Mapping Early Historic Networks in South Asia and Beyond") was not of an Indian origin, but was from the Mediterranean region. A ceramic sherd, ("Arikamedu Type 10) has also been investigated for its style and spatial distribution.</p><br>
<p>After a gap of several decades, in the early 1980s, Vimala Begley studied the ceramics find of the site and proposed a preliminary version of the chronology of the occupation of the site. At the same time she started researching on the beads, organized a proper sequential display of the artifacts of the site at the Pondicherry Museum, and brought out an information brochure.</p><br>
<p>Begley obtained approvals to carry out excavations at the site in collaboration with the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Madras; she and K.V. Raman were the directors of operation from 1989 to 1992. Steven Sidebothom of the University of Delaware, who had back ground knowledge of Roman Egypt, was in charge of the trenching at the site. Further excavations were done during six working seasons from 1989 to 1992, which led to a contradictory view that the brick structures and the wells investigated by Wheeler were of poor quality as they were founded on poor sandy foundations. The wood work was also noted to be of poor quality and the houses had no waterproofing. The excavations also lead to a view that Arikamedu&#39;s Roman trading link was more of an inference. The excavations have now established that the trading with Rome extended to a period beyond that assessed by Wheeler; that trading continued from the second century BCE to the seventh or eighth century CE.</p><br>
<p>The extensive findings of glass and stone beads at the site provided Begley the link to Arikamedu&#39;s history. She identified the beads as Indo-Pacific beads crafted at Arikamedu. Based on the antiquities and structural features from the excavations, Begley and Raman established a revised sequence of six major periods of occupation of the site. Finds of new variety of Roman Amphorae ware also facilitated revision of the dates of occupancy. They have also inferred that the site has been in continuous occupation since at least 2nd or 3rd century BCE to much more recent times.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>The excavated area of the mound was demarcated into two zones on the basis of occupation and elevation. Northern sector of the mound is nearer to the sea coast while the southern sector is farther away from the coast. The ceramic find of crockery and cooking vessels found in the northern sector were indicative of mass feeding of sailors and traders who camped there. Wine stored in amphorae was the principal item imported from the western countries during the later part of the 2nd century BCE.</p><br>
<p>According to Wheeler the finds from the northern and southern part of the mound belong to the period from the later part of the 1st century BCE to the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. Identified structures include:</p><br>
<p>A brick and lime mortar plaster structure of oblong shape 45 m in length, with a divide wall, used as a storehouse in the southern part</p><br>
<p>Two walled enclosures with ponds and drainage systems in the northern part of the mound that could indicate of dyeing operations that used vats to dye muslin for export</p><br>
<p>Pottery, both local and Mediterranean, such as amphorae and Arrentine ware that belonged to the Terra Sigillata (stamped pottery) of the 1st century BCE, which went out of use by 50 CE</p><br>
<p>Pink amphorae jars used to store wine or oil with two handles and a yellow slip, found in all layers of excavations</p><br>
<p>Smaller objects include a wheel-turned blackware ceramic, a few terracotta figurines, shell beads, gems, gold, terracotta, iron nails, copper percussion beater, red fragment of a Roman lamp shade, an engraved emblem of emperor Augustus, an ivory handle, and a wooden toy boat. Based on these antiquities Wheeler concluded that the Arikamedu was a Greek (Yavana) trading station. However, recent excavations by Begley have altered this assessment.</p><br>
<p>The buildings in the northern part of the mound indicative urbanization, with people of different ethnic groups—Indian and non-Indian—but it has not been possible to date them in view of the limited depth of excavations.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>An international conference that the Government of Pondicherry and the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs held in October 2004 decided to investigate the Arikamedu site jointly for conservation, as its ancient commercial link with the Romans has been established. During this conference, the Government of Pondicherry also decided to propose the site for status as a World Heritage Site of UNESCO. The Archaeological Survey of India also proposed the site for UNESCO Cultural Heritage Site status, under the title Silk Road Sites in India.</p><br>
<p>Taosi is an archaeological site in Xiangfen County, Shanxi, China. Taosi is considered to be part of the late phase of the Longshan culture in southern Shanxi, also known as the Taosi phase .</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Taosi was surrounded by a gigantic rammed-clay enclosure. This was discovered from 1999 to 2001 by the archaeologists from the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; they attributed this wall to the Middle Taosi period (4,100 to 4,000 BP). Rectangular in form with an inner area of 280 ha.</p><br>
<p>An internal rammed-earth wall separated the residential and ceremonial areas of the elite from the areas inhabited by commoners, signifying the development of a stratified society.</p><br>
<p>A painted stick discovered from a prehistoric dating from 2300 BCE excavated at the astronomical site of Taosi is the oldest gnomon known in China. The gnomon was widely used in ancient China from the second century BC onward in order determine the changes in seasons, orientation, and geographical latitude. The ancient Chinese used shadow measurements for creating calendars that are mentioned in several ancient texts. According to the collection of Zhou Chinese poetic anthologies Classic of Poetry, one of the distant ancestors of King Wen of the Zhou dynasty used to measure gnomon shadow lengths to determine the orientation around the 14th-century BC.</p><br>
<p>The Huaxia settlement outgrew the perimeter of the wall. The settlement is the largest Longshan site discovered in the Linfen basin, Yellow River basin area, possibly a regional center. The settlement represents the most political system on the Central Plains at the time. The polites in the Taosi site are considered an advanced chiefdom, but may not have not developed into a higher political organization. It was not the Taosi polites but, the less socially complex Central Plains Longshan sites, the scattered, multi-system competing systems that gave rise to early states in this region.</p><br>
<h2>Ancient "observatory"</h2><br>
<p>Taosi also contained an astronomical observatory, the oldest in East Asia.</p><br>
<p>This was discovered in 2003-2004. Archaeologists unearthed a Middle Taosi period semi-round foundation just beside southern wall of the Middle Taosi enclosure, which could be used for astronomical observations. The structure consists of an outer semi-ring-shaped path, and a semi-round rammed-earth platform with a diameter of about 60 m. The platform is 42m in diameter and over 1000 sq m in area. It can be reconstructed as a three-level altar.</p><br>
<p>Standing in the center of the altar and watching through the slots, one can find that most of slots respectively orientate to a given point of the Chongfen Mountain to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Necropolis</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery of Taosi covered an area of 30,000 square meters (3ha) at its height.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery contained over 1,500 burials. The burials at Taosi were highly stratified (the most stratified of Longshan sites), with burial wealth concentrated in the graves of a few males (nine large graves). The largest graves were placed in separated rooms with murals, had a large cache of grave goods (some with over 200 objects, including jades, copper bells, wooden and crocodile skin musical instruments); middle-size graves featured painted wooden coffins and luxury objects; most of the small graves did not have grave goods. A single bronze bell was also found at a Taosi grave.</p><br>
<h2>Emperor Yao connection</h2><br>
<p>Some Chinese archaeologists believe that Taosi was the site of a state Youtang (有唐) conquered by Emperor Yao (traditionally c. 2356–2255 BC) and made to be his capital.</p><br>
<p>According to some Chinese classic documents such as Yao Dian (Document of Yao) in Shang Shu (Book of Ancient Time), and Wudibenji (Records for the Five Kings) in Shiji (Historic Records), the King Yao assigned astronomic officers to observe celestial phenomena such as the sunrise, sunset, and the evening stars in culmination in order to make a solar and lunar calendar with 366 days for a year, also providing for the leap month. The observatory found at Taosi just coincides with these records.</p><br>
<p>On the other hand, Western scholars tend to believe that emperor Yao is a mythical figure.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that the city collapsed with a rebellion against the ruling class.</p><br>
<p>Aldrich Bay , named after Major Edward Aldrich , was formerly a bay in the north shore on the Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It is now reclaimed and is a housing area outside the area of Shau Kei Wan, neighbouring A Kung Ngam and Lei King Wan.</p><br>
<p>Outside Aldrich Bay, it is the Shau Kei Wan Typhoon Shelter. It is not a small community. It contains Oi Tung Estate, Tung Yuk Court, Aldrich Garden and other private housings, with several primary school and secondary school. It is administratively part of the Eastern District.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The Chinese transcription for "Aldrich" roughly means "Loving Discipline", matching the achievement of Major Aldrich that bringing good discipline to his force.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Primary School:</p><br>
<p>*CCC Kei Wan Primary School (Aldrich Bay)</p><br>
<p>Secondary School:</p><br>
<p>*St. Mark&#39;s School</p><br>
<p>*Munsang College (Hong Kong Island)</p><br>
<p>Fukuryu were a part of the Japanese Special Attack Units prepared to resist the invasion of the Home islands by Allied forces. The name literally means "crouching dragon," and has also been called "suicide divers" or "kamikaze frogmen" in English texts.</p><br>
<h2>Personnel</h2><br>
<p>Six thousand men were to be trained and equipped with self-contained diving gear including a diving jacket and trousers, diving shoes, and a diving helmet fixed by four bolts. They would be weighed down with 9 kg of lead and be sustained by liquid food and an air purification system with two 3.5-liter bottles of oxygen at 150 bar. They were expected to be able to walk at a depth of 5 -, for a period of up to ten hours. Personnel were organized into six-man squads with five squads to a platoon, five platoons plus a maintenance platoon to a company, and three companies to a battalion of approximately 650 men. The 71st Arashi was headquartered at Yokosuka with two trained battalions and four battalions in training. The 81st Arashi at Kure was planned for 1000 men to be trained by 250 men from Yokosuka. A similar 1000-man Kawatana unit was planned for Sasebo.</p><br>
<h2>Weapon</h2><br>
<p>Men were to be armed with a Type-5 attack mine containing 15 kg of explosive, fitted to a 5 m bamboo pole. While concealed underwater, men expecting to be killed by the resulting explosion would use the pole to push the contact-fuzed explosive against the hull of a landing craft passing overhead. Off each potential invasion beach, an inventory of mines was anchored to the bottom for use by the submerged men. Three strings of mines were fifty meters apart, and men would be stationed sixty meters apart, staggered so there would be a man for each 20-meter length of beach.</p><br>
<h2>Concept</h2><br>
<p>Surprise was essential to avoid comparatively simple anti-personnel explosive countermeasures previously used to discourage Italian frogmen in the Mediterranean. Experiments were conducted with underwater foxholes of concrete pipe with steel doors. Preliminary tests with dogs indicated these foxholes would reduce the effects of nearby explosions. Plans were made for larger reinforced concrete stations capable of sheltering six to eighteen men. These larger stations would have been manufactured ashore in a variety of shapes to avoid detection, and then sunk at depths of less than fifteen meters. The Fukuryu were part of a three-stage system of mines including an offshore row of bottom mines to be released by trip wires to float up under passing landing craft, and rows of stationary magnetic and contact-fuzed mines in shallow water closer to the beach.</p><br>
<h2>Implementation</h2><br>
<p>One-thousand diving suits were ready by 15 August 1945, and eight-thousand more had been ordered. Yokosuka had 450 suits, and both Kure and Sasebo had sixty suits. None of the planned ten-thousand Type-5 attack mines had been completed, but four-hundred dummy mines had been produced for training. Several deaths occurred during training due to malfunctions. Only twelve-hundred men had been trained when Japan surrendered before the invasion of the Japanese mainland occurred. There are reports of some strikes that allegedly made use of similar military tactics:</p><br>
<p>The Infantry landing craft (gunboat) LCI(G)-404 was damaged by suicide swimmers in Yoo Passage, Palaus Islands, on January 8, 1945.</p><br>
<p>Some Japanese suicide swimmers attempted an attack upon the surveying ship in Schonian Harbor, Palaus Group, on February 10, 1945.</p><br>
<p>The Colorado Street Bridge is a historic concrete arch bridge spanning the Arroyo Seco in Pasadena, California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Colorado Street Bridge was designed and built in 1912 at a total cost of $191,000. The bridge was designed by the firm of Waddell & Harrington, based in Kansas City, Missouri. The structure carries Colorado Boulevard (then called "Colorado Street"), the major east-west thoroughfare connecting Pasadena with Eagle Rock and Glendale to the west, and with Monrovia to the east. Colorado Street Bridge replaced the small Scoville bridge locate near the bottom of the Arroyo Seco.</p><br>
<p>The bridge spans 1,486 feet (453 m) at a maximum height of 150 feet (45 m) and is notable for its distinctive Beaux Arts arches, light standards, and railings. The bridge is on the National Register of Historic Places and has been designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, the bridge was a filming location of the TV series Emergency! fifth season (episode 13) where a boy was shown trapped (the bridge was given the fictitious name Johnson Canyon Bridge in the episode). In 1989, after the Loma Prieta earthquake in Northern California, the bridge was declared a seismic hazard and closed to traffic. It was reopened in 1993 after a substantial retrofit. The bridge is closed each summer for a festival, "A Celebration on the Colorado Street Bridge", hosted by historic preservation group Pasadena Heritage.</p><br>
<p>An episode from the eighth season of the series Full House, "Leap of Faith" featured the bridge in a bungee jumping scene. The bridge was depicted as being in the San Francisco bay area.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was site of the beginning of The Amazing Race season 21. The contestants had to rappel down the side of the bridge to their waiting cars to start the race.</p><br>
<h3>"Suicide Bridge"</h3><br>
<p>During the early part of the twentieth century, the Colorado Street Bridge became known locally as "Suicide Bridge", after dozens of people leapt to their deaths. The bridge had a bad reputation before it was even built, as a construction worker fell to his death and landed in the wet cement under the bridge, supposedly he is still there today. The number of deaths spiked during the Great Depression but didn&#39;t stop there.</p><br>
<p>The most known story is told about a woman and her child. One night, the mother took her child and herself to the bridge and was ready to end it all. She threw her baby first and then jumped, plummeting to her death. The child survived, as it landed in a tree unharmed, but the mother successfully ended her life.</p><br>
<p>The beautiful balustrade was replaced by an 8 foot tall barrier in an effort to deter suicides, but the bridge retained its nickname. To this day, some still use the bridge as a means to end their lives. For example, on October 27, 2015, British-American model and reality television star Sam Sarpong committed suicide by jumping from the bridge.</p><br>
<p>The Gulf of Gabes, also Cabès, Cabes, Gaps,see e.g.: Cabès in</p><br>
<p>John Bostock, Henry Thomas Riley (eds.), The natural history of Pliny, Volume 1, 1855, chapter 4, "The Syrtes", Cabes in the "Atlas" article in Copley, John Singleton (chairman) (1835) The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volume III, Athanaric&#151;Bassano C. Knight, London,</p><br>
<p>Gaps in Charles Anthon, A classical dictionary: containing an account of the principal proper names mentioned in ancient authors, 1842,. خليج قابس, also known as Lesser Syrtis (from Greek Σύρτις; Syrtis Minor in Latin), contrasting with the Greater Syrtis in Libya, is a gulf on Tunisia&#39;s east coast in the Mediterranean Sea, off North Africa. The gulf roughly spans the coast from Sfax to Djerba. At the head of the gulf is the city of Gabès (Ghannouche) where the tides have a large range of up to 2.1 m at spring tides. Both Gabès and Sfax are major ports on the gulf, supporting sponge and tuna fisheries, with Gabès being the economic and administrative center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Latin name Syrtis Minor is used by Pliny the Elder, quoting an earlier description in Polybius, who uses the equivalent ἡ μικρὰ Σύρτις (elsewhere also Σύρτις ἡ μικρὰ, Σύρτις ἡ μικροτέρα, ἡ μικροτέρα Σύρτις).</p><br>
<p>An alternative name was Λωτοφαγῖτις σύρτις Lotophagitis surtis "Syrtis of the lotus-eaters," reported by Strabo. (Compare Syrtis Major, the ancient name of the Gulf of Sidra.)</p><br>
<p>Syrtis is referred to in the New Testament of the Bible where the Apostle Paul relates being sent in chains to Rome to stand trial before Caesar Nero. The crew of his ship was worried about being driven by a storm into Syrtis, and took precautions to prevent it, resulting, eventually, in being shipwrecked on the island of Malta in the Mediterranean Sea.</p><br>
<p>Strabo refers to Tacape (the modern Gabès) as an important entrepot of the Lesser Syrtis.</p><br>
<p>In Book IV of the Histories, Herodotus describes a violent ritual that took place in the region:</p><br>
<p>A modern counterpart to this festival of violence, involving two opposing gangs near the Shatt al-Jerid annually engaging in combat with stones and clubs was described in Une fete de printemps au Jerid (1942) by G. Payre.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Most sources consider the Gulf of Gabès as just being within the line between the northwest tip of Djerba (Jerba) Island on the southeast and Ras Yonga (Point Yonga) on the northwest. Ras Yonga is just north of the island of Jazīrat Khunayyis and its marshes and some 52 km southwest of Sfax. The geographer Strabo indicated that the entrance to the gulf was located at the islands of Cercinna (Kerkennah) and Meninx (Djerba). Following Strabo gives a larger area with the line being from just north of Sfax to Djerba Island. That larger area would include part of the Kerkennah Islands and the coast around Sfax. The centroid for the smaller gulf is at 33&deg;59&prime;29&Prime;N latitude, 10&deg;24&prime;09&Prime;E longitude, and the distance across is 68.5 km, with a depth of 51.0 km. The larger gulf is 150 km across with a depth of 90 km, and the centroid is at 34&deg;04&prime;48&Prime;N latitude, 10&deg;28&prime;36&Prime;E longitude.</p><br>
<p>The entire Gulf of Gabes, both larger and smaller versions, is underlain by the continental shelf of the African Plate, and is nowhere deeper than 200 meters. During the Permian Period and Triassic Period, carbonate minerals and evaporites were deposited in the Gulf of Gabes which now form salt domes and diapirs. In addition carbon and hydrocarbons primarily from vegetation were deposited. These now form the basis for the oil and gas industry in the gulf. Among the important oil and gas fields in the gulf are the Ashtart Field</p><br>
<p>Ogof Hesp Alyn  was discovered by in 1973 in the Alyn Gorge near Cilcain, Flintshire, Wales. Reaching the end of the cave is a serious commitment involving 24 pitches and the draining of two sumps. The proliferation of short, awkward and muddy pitches appear best suited to be tackled by wire ladders, but in the 1980s a team of divers from the Wessex Caving Club who passed the sumps, concluded that single rope technique was preferable, avoiding the need for excessive numbers of people to carry the equipment. A perpetual siphon has since been used at the first sump which does a good job of keeping the water level relatively low, when working properly. Despite its relatively short length, Ogof Hesp Alyn is an interesting cave, well worth a visit for the experienced caver, with much variety and plenty of interesting passage to see.</p><br>
<p>A BCRA grade 5b survey of the cave exists that was created by North Wales Caving Club in two phases, in periods during the original 70s exploration, and further exploration beyond the sumps in the 80s.</p><br>
<p>As well as the main passage that meanders through the cave there are several interesting detours including the Northeast Chambers, the Mousetrap series and the Wormway, which gets its name from the numerous worms that live in the sediment.</p><br>
<p>Much of the cave is wet and muddy, with the entrance series setting the theme for what is to come later on.</p><br>
<p>With more recent discoveries, the length of cave passage totals 2 km extending over a vertical range of about 90 m. The entrance would have functioned as a rising prior to the lowering of local water levels by mine drainage. As drainage only took place in the early 20th century, Ogof Hesp Alyn provides a valuable opportunity to study a cave system developed almost entirely by a phreatic processes which remains largely unmodified by vadose streams.</p><br>
<p>Despite the drainage that now occurs down to the Milwr Tunnel which is several hundred feet below, during periods of intense wet weather the cave can fill completely with water. This is quite rare but any visitor should take care. When the water level recedes, the Sand Crawl can still remain a sump for weeks later.</p><br>
<p>It lies close to another cave, Ogof Hen Ffynhonnau, which lies about 150 m further upstream in the Alyn Gorge. These two caves with Ogof Nadolig form the caves part of the Alyn Valley Woods and Alyn Gorge Caves SSSI.</p><br>
<p>Ogof Hen Ffynhonnau  lies in the Alyn Gorge in Flintshire, Wales close to Ogof Hesp Alyn. It was discovered in 1978 after excavation allowed access to Dyers Adit.</p><br>
<p>Being below a dry river bed, the cave can be prone to flooding in wet weather. There is a short ladder pitch just inside the entrance, and it makes a short trip suitable for novice cavers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Poacher&#39;s Cave was coined during an acrimonious dispute between the Northern Pennine Club who were originally digging the entrance and the North Wales Caving Club who actually broke through one day while the diggers were away. Different sides of the story are available. The following account from the Northern Pennine Club provides some flavour of the dispute:</p><br>
<p>Remains of the old gate are in place and the cave is no longer locked, but the name has stuck.</p><br>
<p>Bond Falls is a waterfall on the middle branch of the Ontonagon River, a few miles east of Paulding in Haight Township in southern Ontonagon County, Michigan. The site is near USA Highway 45 in the western portion of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The waterfalls are listed by the state of Michigan as the Bond Falls Scenic Site.</p><br>
<p>The total drop of the falls is about 50 ft. Trails lead to and from the falls from a picnic area atop the falls. There is a newer walkway that extends across the river below the base of the falls that allows for perfect viewing. The river drops 875 ft down from Bond Falls Flowage, which is perched on the highlands of the western Upper Peninsula, to Lake Superior. Bond Falls is the first stage of this drop in elevation. From Bond Falls, the river continues northward to the Agate Falls Scenic Site.</p><br>
<p>BondFallsOutpost.jpgBond Falls outpost</p><br>
<p>Bond Falls in January 2.jpgBond Falls in January</p><br>
<p>Bond Falls Winter Ice.jpgUp Close Icy Flow</p><br>
<p>A "flowage", in the language of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, is a reservoir. Bond Falls is a natural waterfall, but it has been enhanced by a nearby dam built by the Upper Peninsula Power Company (UPPCO). There is a rest-area park below the dam and waterfall, from which the falls can be admired. The Ontonagan River and Bond Falls Flowage are separately stocked with brook trout.</p><br>
<p>Brisbane Central Technical College is a heritage-listed technical college at 2 George Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1911 to 1956. It is also known as Queensland Institute of Technology , Queensland University of Technology , and University of Queensland. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 August 1999.</p><br>
<p>The College was founded in 1908, and eventually became the Queensland Institute of Technology. While not able to grant bachelors degrees, the college was able to issue diplomas which gave the recipients the right to "letters" after their name. Later it became Queensland University of Technology and could award bachelors degrees as well as higher degrees such as Master and Doctorates.</p><br>
<h2>History of College Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Originally a group of nine, free-standing, bold, red facebrick buildings grouped around a central courtyard, the former Brisbane Central Technical College was designed in 1909 and opened for classes in 1915. Located at the southeast end of George Street, the former Brisbane Central Technical College occupies the northwest portion of the Gardens Point Campus of the Queensland University of Technology (QUT) adjacent to Parliament House. The QUT Campus is located on a former government reserve which was worked as the government garden from 1825 and became the Government House Domain in 1860 with Old Government House (as it is now known) being the residence of the Queensland Governor. In 1909 the Governor removed to Fernberg, Bardon (the current Government House) and the Domain then accommodated the newly established institutions of the University of Queensland and the Brisbane Central Technical College. Old Government House became the main building of the University of Queensland and a group of nine purpose-built buildings was constructed to the northwest for the Brisbane Central Technical College.</p><br>
<p>In nineteenth century Australia, technical colleges were established by Schools of Arts or Mechanics Institutes. Technical education classes commenced in Brisbane in the 1870s, administered by the Brisbane School of Arts which established the Brisbane Technical College in 1882. Classes were conducted in a purpose-built extension to Brisbane School of Arts in Ann Street and in various other rented premises throughout the city. From 1900 there was insufficient suitable accommodation available to cater for increasing student numbers. Though nominally private institutions, technical institutes received funding from the Queensland Government and, as Government involvement in technical education increased in the early twentieth century, technical education was absorbed into the Department of Public Instruction. During 1907 the Department investigated the establishment of a central technical college, reviewing models for similar enterprises in America and Britain. Under the Technical Instruction Act 1908 the Brisbane Technical College, South Brisbane Technical College and West End Technical College were amalgamated to form the Brisbane Central Technical College.</p><br>
<p>There was strong support for technical education in Queensland and this was the only Australian state to plan and construct a complex of buildings for a technical college. Sketch plans for nine two-storey buildings grouped around a central courtyard, linked with covered ways were prepared by the Department of Public Works in 1909. Designed as a cohesive group of similar scale and materials, eight buildings are arranged in a square with three facing the main drive to Old Government House. The ninth building, the Workshops block, is set back towards the river closing off the courtyard. Following an American model for technical education, the main departments of the college were assigned a dedicated building.</p><br>
<p>The construction was undertaken in two sections. A tender for £64,060/16/3 from contractor James Mason was accepted in March 1911 for the six buildings included in Section One:</p><br>
<p>B Block: Administration and Examination Hall</p><br>
<p>E Block: Chemistry and Geology</p><br>
<p>F Block: Wool-classing and Building Construction</p><br>
<p>G Block: Physics and Electrical Engineering</p><br>
<p>H Block: Civil and Mechanical Engineering</p><br>
<p>J Block: Workshops</p><br>
<p>In July 1912, James Mason successfully tendered £37,630/16/3 for Section Two which included the remaining three buildings of the campus:</p><br>
<p>A Block: Commercial School</p><br>
<p>C Block: Art School</p><br>
<p>D Block: Domestic Science</p><br>
<p>Amendments were made to the original scheme during construction, including the addition of an extra storey to the Physics and Electrical Engineering building to accommodate the teaching of Biology. The covered ways to the ground and first floor levels were not built. The corridors within the buildings and the location of the building entrances reflect the circulation and physical relationships proposed in the original master plan. Building progress was hampered by strikes and materials shortages but the Brisbane Central Technical College was finally opened for classes in February 1915.</p><br>
<p>In response to increased demand for technical education following both World Wars, extensions to J Block Workshops were constructed. K Block, a three-storey extension to J Block Workshops was constructed in 1919 to accommodate returned soldier retraining classes. Responding to increasing apprenticeship enrolments a further three-storey extension, R Block, was constructed in 1928 accommodating the Industrial High School. Later infill linked R and K Blocks. W Block, a four-storey addition to the J Block Workshops completed in 1956, though planned forty years after the original Brisbane Central Technical College buildings is similar in materials and expression.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the Workshop extensions other additions and alterations have occurred to the Brisbane Central Technical College. S Block, erected adjacent to F Block in 1921 as a College store and later incorporated into F Block, is now demolished. An additional storey was added to A Block to accommodate Art, Architecture and Building in about 1924. Throughout the 1920s enrolments at both the University of Queensland and the Brisbane Central Technical College steadily increased. Although plans were underway to transfer to the St Lucia campus, a building was constructed to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the foundation of the University and was shared by both institutions. The building accommodated the Library of the University and various facilities for the Technical College. An imposing three-storey facebrick building in a restrained neo-Georgian idiom, the Library faced the Main Drive between Old Government House and the Art School (C Block, demolished 1978-79).</p><br>
<p>Although altered and extended over the years, the Brisbane Central Technical College represents an important era in education in Queensland and is the most extensive group of technical college buildings of the period. A major undertaking for the Queensland Government, the construction of the Brisbane Central Technical College was the largest building project for the Department of Public Works immediately prior to World War I. The architectural work of the Department of Public Works in the first decades of the twentieth century was of a high quality with many talented architects working in the office including Thomas Pye, Charles McLay, John Smith Murdoch, George Payne and Andrew Irving. Alfred Barton Brady was Government Architect and Thomas Pye, Deputy Government Architect. Brady administered the office and supervision of design was carried out by Pye. Pye was the driving force in developing and maintaining the office style after 1906 following the departure of Murdoch. Responsibility for individual projects within the Department was seldom clear-cut but evidence in the departmental files suggests that Pye had a major influence on the design of the Brisbane Central Technical College. The Department was responsible for the plans, specifications and construction of other contemporary technical colleges including Rockhampton Blocks A and E (Block A being now heritage-listed), Warwick, Mackay, Toowoomba Technical College, Queen Victoria Silver Jubilee Memorial Technical College (Ipswich) and Mount Morgan which were single buildings accommodating the whole college under one roof. All the technical colleges share stylistic details, construction and general architectural expression.</p><br>
<p>The former Brisbane Central Technical College was absorbed into the Queensland Institute of Technology in 1965 which was reconstituted as the Queensland University of Technology in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Blocks B and C were demolished in 1978/79 and Block D was demolished in 1998. Replacement buildings have been inserted for the demolished B, C and D Blocks. A new B Block, a rectangular, four-storey concrete and brick building, was erected in 1981. Completed in 1998, a steel and concrete structure projects into the courtyard from the former D Block site. A rectangular concrete, steel and glass cafe kiosk has been inserted into the courtyard to the east of G Block in 1999. The 1981 B Block, the 1999 D Block and cafe kiosk are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>In 1999 six buildings of the original group remain (A, E, F, G, H and J Blocks), along with the three extensions to the Workshops J Block (K, R, and W Blocks) and the later addition to the technical college campus, U Block. In the period 1995-1999 there has been extensive refurbishment undertaken to Blocks A, J and U.</p><br>
<h2>Description of College Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Overlooking the City Botanic Gardens, the former Brisbane Central Technical College sits between Parliament House and Old Government House at the southeast end of George Street. From a group of nine purpose-built buildings designed and constructed for technical education classes between 1909 and 1956, six, bold, red facebrick buildings remain from the 1909 master plan along with three extensions to the original Workshops block. A later addition, the imposing, two-storey, red facebrick neo-Georgian former Library building (U Block) faces the Main Drive adjacent to the kidney lawn of Old Government House.</p><br>
<p>Blocks A, E, F, G, H and J with its extensions Blocks K, R and W, are buildings of two to four storeys of an industrial character in a confident, restrained, simplified classicism characteristic of the Arts and Crafts idiom. The buildings are grouped around the original central courtyard now paved and landscaped with planted beds. A Block faces the Main Drive and is a landmark building at the main entrance gate to the campus. E, F, G and H blocks are grouped around the courtyard. J Block and extensions form a visual and physical close to the courtyard and are on the alignment of the roadway to the rear of the campus. U Block extends down the Main Drive preserving the alignment of the original master plan along this roadway.</p><br>
<p>Blocks A, E, F, G, H and J are unified in their general elevational treatment, materials and detailing. All are red facebrick with contrasting features in dark red brick including relieved quoining, arched entrance porches, flat arched window heads and banding to floor levels. The original building department name appeared in metal lettering in an Art Nouveau style within a carved stone tablet above the entrance porch to each building. Only "Chemistry" on the east entrance to E Block survives.</p><br>
<p>The central courtyard formed by the building group is a compact light, airy space. The pathways between the buildings provide visual and physical links with the courtyard and with the other buildings. The position of building entrances and corridors indicate the proposed circulation patterns that connect the buildings as a group.</p><br>
<p>The buildings, courtyard and surviving paths between the buildings of the former Brisbane Central Technical College precinct are of cultural heritage significance. Building descriptions for Blocks A, E, F, G, H, J, K, R, W and U follow.</p><br>
<h2>Commercial and Day School (A Block)</h2><br>
<p>Constructed: 1912-1914, Additional storey: 1924 Architect: T. Pye</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>A, B and C Blocks were designed as sentinel buildings to align with the Main Drive and to form the formal entrance to the Brisbane Central Technical College. A and C Blocks were almost mirror images and flanked the main building of the College, B Block. A Block was opened in 1915 as the Commercial and Day School and an additional storey following a similar plan to the earlier work was constructed in about 1924 to accommodate increasing enrolments. The Commercial High School was also accommodated in the building from 1933. The building interior has been altered, particularly during the refurbishment of 1996-1998, but the building form and exterior remain. Recent work has established walkway links envisaged in the original master plan. A Block now links with F Block at ground and first floor levels through the connecting gangways and passageways of the 1999 D Block.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>Adjacent to the Main Gate at the southeast end of George Street and on alignment with the Main Drive, the three-storey, facebrick, hip-roofed former Commercial and Day School overlooks the City Botanic Gardens. Each elevation is composed of light red facebrick with contrasting dark red facebrick relieved quoining, flat window arches and banding marking the floor levels. Prominent metal rainwater heads and downpipes divide the elevations into bays. The main elevation to the city Botanic Gardens is symmetrical about a narrow pedimented breakfront of dressed stone enriched with stone carving. The flat arched, central entrance porch with a prominent keystone in stone is flanked by posts with decorative carved shields to the capitals beneath an open-bed segmental pediment with decorative carving to the tympanum. A decorative metal grille fanlight sits over the porch entranceway. An arched porch entrance to the south opens onto the central courtyard and the arched entrance to the west connects with the new D Block undercroft link to F Block. There is a new metal bridge link across to B Block from the second floor. There are double hung windows to the ground floor of the front elevation with multi- pane casements to the upper floors. The other elevations have both double hung and multi-pane casement windows to each level.</p><br>
<p>Originally each floor accommodated classrooms and staff offices off a central corridor from east to west meeting a transverse corridor running along the rear wing from north to south connecting with the walkways which in the original master plan were to link with adjacent buildings. The internal spaces have been altered and are now organised off the original corridors as large studio spaces and smaller office spaces. Some original joinery remains, including six-pane glazed doors to the ground floor and nine-pane glazed doors to the first and second floors, skirtings to the corridors, high timber rails to A208, timber rails at two levels in A204. The original stair to the ground and first floors of polished concrete with exposed aggregate remains and continues in plain concrete to the extension second floor. A decorative steel balustrade with timber handrail runs along the whole stair.</p><br>
<h2>Chemistry and Geology (E Block)</h2><br>
<p>Constructed: 1911-1914. Architect: T. Pye Alterations and additions: 1932, 1937, 1960s, 1990</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>A two-storey L-shaped building with a rectangular pavilion across a walkway to the south, this building opened in 1915 to accommodate the Chemistry and Geology departments of the Brisbane Central Technical College. The building underwent alterations and additions in 1932, 1937, 1960s and 1990 and is now a U-shaped four-storey building with a southern wing. In 1932 alterations were undertaken to accommodate the Commercial High School; the northeast corner was added in 1937; an additional corner to the southwest and a third storey were constructed during the 1960s to accommodate classes for art and pharmacy; a fourth storey was added in 1990.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>Block E is located to the south of the courtyard between Blocks B and G/H. Now four storeys, it has grown out of the former Chemistry and Geology building and is unified with the other buildings in the group in general elevational composition, detailing and materials. It is a plain building in light red facebrick with contrasting dark red facebrick to the relieved quoins, flat window arches and banding marking the interior floor levels. The only decoration is the Art Nouveau metal lettering "Chemistry" above the arched entrance porch to the east. The 1937 infill to the northeast continues the original elevational treatments and is well matched to the original while the 1960s addition to the southwest corner in light brick with no texturing or banding and smaller vertical fenestration is less sympathetic. The solid balustraded, setback upper-storey (1990) contrasts with the rest of the building and disturbs the building&#39;s cohesion with the group. A barrel-shaped, corrugated metal hood has been added over the steps to the east entrance porch.</p><br>
<p>The interior has been altered and is now a range of laboratories, lecture theatres, staff offices and ancillary service/storage/work areas arranged off the main east-west corridor of the original master plan. There are concrete stairs at each end. Some early fabric survives including the concrete stair with plain metal balustrading to the east, some joinery and stop chamfered concrete beams and posts to the ground floor. The interior walls are painted or plastered brick, with plain plastered ceilings and concrete floors (some with vinyl and carpet floor coverings). Suspended ceilings conceal plaster ceilings.</p><br>
<h2>Wool-classing and Building Construction (F Block)</h2><br>
<p>Constructed: 1911-1914 Architect: T. Pye</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>Opened in 1915 to accommodate classes for wool-classing, building construction and botany this two-storey building has a tough and distinctive industrial character. With the dedication of purpose-built classing facilities for the training of wool classers, the building demonstrates the importance of the wool industry in Queensland. The form and fabric of the building are substantially intact. During the mid-1990s alterations have been made to some of the internal spaces. The large wool classing room to the first floor is now partitioned into smaller studios and teaching spaces. The partitioning screens, with clear perspex to the upper portions, allow the filtered light from the saw toothed roofs to penetrate the space.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>The distinctive form of this building expresses the saw-toothed roof line in the north and south elevations. Unified with the other buildings in the group in scale, materials and detailing the elevational infill is in light red facebrick contrasting with the dark red facebrick of the flat arch window openings and the relieved quoining to the corners and pilasters which define the bays in the elevations. Prominent rainwater heads and downpipes contribute to the vertical rhythm. The arched entrance, now without the identifying building title within the tablet above, remains to the east and opens onto the undercroft of the new D Block which reinstates the link of the original master plan across to A Block. The timber entrance doors have been replaced with glass doors.</p><br>
<p>The plan is organised about an L-shaped corridor off which studios, workshops, staff offices and storage/service areas open. Some internal spaces have been partitioned but the original internal spatial relations have been maintained though service ducts and lighting fixtures now intrude. Original fabric survives including the roof lights and pressed metal ceilings to the level two former woolclassing area now partitioned as F204 and F201; decorative pressed metal ceilings, concrete columns in a Tuscan order and dentilled plaster cornices with egg and dart mouldings to the ceilings and exposed beams in F101; decorative pressed metal ceilings with moulded "acanthus" pattern cornices to the corridors of level two; decorative pressed metal ceilings to the vestibule to the link across to J Block from level 2; decorative plaster cornice to the ceiling of the stairwell; doors and skirting boards to each floor; tiles to floor and walls of locker rooms on each level; and a polished concrete stair with plain metal balustrading.</p><br>
<h2>Physics and Electrical Engineering (G Block)</h2><br>
<p>Constructed: 1911-14. Architect: T. Pye</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>A small, two-storey pavilion building to accommodate classes in physics and electrical engineering, an additional storey was constructed during the original building contract to accommodate classes in Biology. A single-storey toilet block was also erected to the northeast before the building was opened in 1915. This toilet block was demolished in the 1960s. The building accommodated the QIT library from the mid 1960s to 1977 and housed the School of Nursing during the 1980s. The glass and concrete infill connecting G and H blocks was inserted in 1990.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>Lying to the south of the courtyard, this is the smallest building in the group and is timber framed. A three-storey, hip-roofed, facebrick pavilion with a service wing to the east expressed as two towers, this building is unified with the other buildings in scale, detail and materials. The regular rhythm of flat arched windows around the building and the relieved quoining in dark red brick contrast to the light red infill panels of the building. Now removed, the former single-storey toilet block is evident in the rendered and painted lower portion of the external east wall. The building title has been removed from stone tablet above the dark red brick, arched entrance porch to the west.</p><br>
<p>Classrooms and staff offices open off a central corridor within the pavilion section of the building. Early fabric survives including timber lined ceilings and the cedar main staircase. An infill link of glass and concrete to H Block has diminished the reading of these buildings as separate structures.</p><br>
<h2>Civil and Mechanical Engineering (H Block)</h2><br>
<p>Constructed: 1911-1914. Architect: T. Pye</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>Opened in 1915 the building was constructed to the design amended by Pye during the construction period. The amendments included the insertion of the oriel window to the south, a reconfiguring of the plan placing the main entrance in the southeast wing and elevational changes reflecting alterations to the plan. The Boiler Room and associated stack were demolished in the early 1970s and lecture rooms and storage rooms in the south wing were demolished in the late 1970s. Corrugated metal sheeting covers the rent in the building to the south. A concrete and glass infill wing was inserted between H and G Blocks in 1990.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>A two-storey, hip-roofed, facebrick square pavilion with a rectangular workshop wing stepping downhill to the west, this building is distinguished by its four-storey, rectangular tower. Elevational treatments and detailing are similar to those used in the other buildings in the group, including the relieved quoining, flat arched window openings and arched entrance porch in contrasting dark red brick. The machine room basement is distinguished by the semi-circular arched window openings in dark red brick to this level. A distinctive oriel window to the south contains the stair landing and links the pavilion wing to the rectangular west wing at first floor level. Hooks and other marks in the west exterior wall are evidence of the demolished Boiler Room and associated brick stack. Corrugated metal sheeting to the south wall covers the wall to the demolished south wing. Shadowing on the carved stone tablet above the arched entrance porch to the east indicates the original Art Nouveau style lettering "Engineering".</p><br>
<p>The interior has been altered but original fabric remains. The plan is organised about a central corridor with a polished plain concrete stair with metal balustrade in the south corner. The basement machine room is intact, retains a workshop use and is notable for the exposed timber structure of the floor above, arched brickwork and steel lifting beams (plated "Manchester 1912"). The room may be viewed from the ground floor corridor above through arched brick windows. The ceiling to this corridor and through to 209A is sheeted with decorative pressed metal with stylised acanthus moulded cornices. Decorative pressed metal ceilings remain in several rooms and corridors. Room 306 retains exposed timber trusses and decorative pressed metal ceilings; room 405 remains as a galleried lecture theatre with decorative pressed metal ceilings; glazed timber partitions remain in room 202.</p><br>
<h2>Workshops (also known as Trades Building) (J Block)</h2><br>
<p>Constructed: 1911-1914. Architect: T. Pye Extensions: K (1920) A. Irving; R (1928–29) WH Gillies; W (1951-1956) MD Hamilton</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>Distinguished in plan form and massing from the other buildings in the group, J Block was opened in 1915 accommodating the trades workshops. The planning and siting of the building reflect the consideration given to massing and ventilation suitable for accommodating noisy and often hot workshops. Further pavilions (K block 1920, R block 1929, W block 1956) have been constructed west of J Block to accommodate additional workshops and teaching spaces. The first floor workshops have been altered during the 1996-98 refurbishment to accommodate architecture and interior design studios in a mezzanine inserted into these workshop spaces. The building retains its general planning arrangement.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>A long, rectangular, two-storey, facebrick building with a hip-roof drawn down over latticed lateral verandahs, the former Workshops building is sited west of F, G and H blocks and closes the courtyard visually to the west. Though different in form, the building is unified with the other buildings in the group in scale, detailing and materials. It is distinguished by dark red facebrick rusticated verandah columns which split to two thinner paired columns in the centre bay at first floor level. There also is contrasting dark red brick banding to sill levels, the flat arched double hung windows to the ground floor and segmental arched double hung windows with fanlights to the first floor. Symmetrical about a central service/circulation core, there are four workshops opening to both verandahs on each level. A timber and steel mezzanine structure is inserted in the first floor workshop spaces while retaining the original planning arrangement. Original fabric survives including window and door joinery; exposed timber trusses to the first floor workshops; and decorative pressed metal ceilings to the west verandah, rooms J205, J210, J211, J215, J110 and the stairwell. The central plain polished concrete stair with plain metal balustrading and timber handrail remains from the ground floor to the intermediate landing.</p><br>
<h2>Extensions to J Block</h2><br>
<p>Blocks K, R and W have been erected to the west of J Block, all similar in style to the original group of buildings. A later infill link has been inserted between Blocks K and R.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>K Block is a simple rectangular, hip-roofed, three-storey, facebrick pavilion adjoining J block. Completed in 1920 it was designed to match and align with existing work. It features the regular fenestration rhythm of flat arched double hung windows of the earlier buildings in the group. The workshop spaces on each floor are now partitioned into smaller units.</p><br>
<p>Erected in 1929 to house the Industrial High School, Block R is a simple rectangular, hip-roofed, three-storey, facebrick pavilion linked to J Block by a gangway at the ground and first floor levels. Constructed on reinforced concrete piers and beam foundations, the basement floors are of concrete and the upper floors of timber. The planning of the building is altered from the original with workshops and classrooms now partitioned into smaller units. The stair to the west has been removed and vertical circulation for both K and R is now within the inserted link wing.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1956, W Block is a four-storey, hip-roofed, facebrick building to the northwest of J Block. Of a similar character to the earlier building but only using light red brick, the W Block has a regular rhythm of paired double hung windows to the long elevations and incised brickwork to the corners. There have been alterations to the interiors but the general planning of workshops and teaching spaces remains. The concrete stair with metal balustrade to the west is intact.</p><br>
<h2>University of Queensland Library (now QUT U Block)</h2><br>
<p>Constructed: 1935. Architect: N. Thomas</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>Opened in 1935 to house the University of Queensland Library, the building also accommodated various Central Technical College activities including part of the Commercial High School from 1938. Classes for architecture and building construction were conducted in the building. The administration of the newly formed QIT occupied the building in 1966 and during the 1960s and 1970s classrooms, the optometry clinic and the printery also operated out of this building. The south wing was refurbished during 1995/96 for the QUT Chancellery Offices (U block).</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>Erected in 1935 U Block, adjacent to Old Government House, is a long, imposing, three-storey, facebrick building resting on a rusticated freestone base facing the Main Drive and overlooking the City Botanic Gardens. Symmetrical about a giant order Ionic portico entrance, the building is approached by a wide sweep of concrete stairs from the Main Drive. The main wing terminates in rectangular pavilions which extend to the west forming a courtyard to the rear of the building. Two sets of stairs parallel to the front elevation arrive at minor entrances to the front of each end pavilion. Giant order, rendered pilasters divide the front elevation into ten bays of flat arched, four-pane casement windows with fanlights. The other elevations have a similar rhythm of pilasters and fenestration and the blind west elevations of the pavilions are defined by paired rendered pilasters. The west elevation is symmetrical about a flat arched, freestone entrance porch below a double height vertical stairwell window.</p><br>
<p>A U-shape plan organised about a single-loaded corridor to the west of the main wing, the interior is now altered. The large open spaces in the pavilions have been partitioned and organised off a single loaded corridor to the courtyard side. Vertical circulation and services remain to the west of these pavilions. The gallery to the level two south pavilion has been removed. This area was refurbished into partitioned offices and meeting spaces for the QUT Chancellery in 1995/96. Internal fabric has been lost but early fabric remains including the casement windows to the perimeter of the building, front and rear entrance doors, doors to former seminar and storage rooms off the central circulation core, the columns in the entry vestibule and the sets of concrete stairs to the west of the main wing and to the pavilions. Decorative plaster flat arches remain to the central stairwell.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Brisbane Central Technical College was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 August 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Brisbane Central Technical College, erected 1911-1915, is important for its association with the development of education in Queensland. As the centre of technical education in Queensland, the place is important in demonstrating the development of technical education in the State. The place is important for demonstrating on one site, major changes to technical education from 1900. In particular, the place is important for demonstrating the expansion of technical education in response to retraining requirements for returned soldiers from both World Wars and in response to increases in trade apprenticeships from the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The Main Drive, which runs from the George Street entrance of the campus and terminates at Old Government House, is a significant element of the site. The driveway maintains a strong association with Old Government House as the traditional link between it and Parliament House and the government precinct and the city beyond. The Driveway is significant as an element of the Central Technical College and later, Gardens Point Campus with the buildings of the campus designed to address the driveway.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Brisbane Central Technical College is important for demonstrating changes in Government involvement in financing and controlling technical education from 1900. The former Brisbane Central Technical College is important as the only technical college in Queensland designed and constructed as a complex of buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are fine examples of technical college structures of the early twentieth century constructed in response to progressive thinking in the design and planning of educational institutions.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Brisbane Central Technical College has aesthetic significance as a cohesive group of buildings unified by scale, design and materials. Landmark buildings at the southeast end of George Street, the group overlooks the City Botanic Gardens to the east and the Brisbane River to the west. Bold, facebrick structures with a tough industrial character enriched by discrete decorative stone carving, the buildings are characteristic of the Arts and Crafts idiom in form and detailing. The buildings are of considerable architectural merit and their form and fabric illustrate a skilled design approach. The buildings demonstrate a fine quality of workmanship in the detailing of materials and finishes.</p><br>
<p>The group is important for original fabric which survives, particularly F Block for its overall intactness and the machine room in H block for its intactness. A Block and U Block are important in preserving the campus alignment to the Main Drive. Both are important as landmark buildings defining the principle entry to the former Brisbane Technical College precinct. The courtyard and surviving pathways between the buildings are important in maintaining the integrity of the group of buildings. Further Block U provides evidence of the changing nature of the educational facility on the site.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The former Brisbane Central Technical College is important for its association with students and teachers of the former Brisbane Central Technical College, the Industrial High School, the Commercial High School, the Queensland Institute of Technology and the Queensland University of Technology.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Brisbane Central Technical College is important for its association with the Department of Public Works. In particular, with the work of architect Thomas Pye who was responsible for the design of the original complex of nine buildings. The former Brisbane Central Technical College is important for the ability to demonstrate the work of the Government Architect&#39;s Office in relation to the design of substantial educational buildings.</p><br>
<p>Chalky Island is an island in the southwest of New Zealand, and is part of Fiordland National Park. It lies at the entrance to Chalky Inlet which is next to Preservation Inlet and is at the southwestern tip of the South Island, 10 km northwest of Puysegur Point, 15 km southeast of West Cape, and 140 km west of Invercargill.</p><br>
<p>The island was first charted by Captain James Cook in 1773, and was a base for sealers in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.</p><br>
<p>All predators were eradicated from the island by the New Zealand Department of Conservation, and it is now used as a bird sanctuary. Until 2005 it was one of only four refuges of the only flightless native parrot, the critically endangered kakapo. Other threatened endemic birds transferred to the island since the eradication of stoats include tieke (saddleback), mōhua (yellowhead), little spotted kiwi, and orange-fronted kakariki. The Te Kakahu skink is endemic to the island. Dolphins, orcas, and southern right whales are sometimes seen in the bay.</p><br>
<p>Wilpena Pound is a natural amphitheatre of mountains located 429 km north of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia in the heart of the Flinders Ranges National Park. The Pound is the most northern point with access via a sealed road in this part of the Flinders Ranges. The closest town to the north is Blinman and to the south, Hawker.</p><br>
<p>Attempts at farming the Pound failed during the early 20th century. Following this the tourism potential was recognised in 1945.</p><br>
<h2>Geomorphology</h2><br>
<p>The area is part of the Adelaide Geosyncline. Despite early amateur theories that it was some kind of ancient volcano, the actual Pound is sedimentary rock in the form of a large syncline, with the fold axis running NNW-SSE through Edeowie Gorge at the northern end and Rawnsley&#39;s Bluff at the southern. A corresponding anticline is located in the adjacent Moralana Gorge, with the Elder Range on the downturned western limb.  The area has given its name to the Wilpena Group of sedimentary rocks making up the younger sediments of the geosyncline, and names of further subdivisions also originate from the area: particularly the Pound Subgroup, made up of Rawnsley Quartzite and Bonney Sandstone, which were laid down during the Ediacaran Period.</p><br>
<p>Although from the outside the Pound appears as a single range of mountains, it is actually two: one on the western edge, and one on the eastern, joined by the long Rawnsley&#39;s Bluff at the south. A gorge called Wilpena Gap has been cut in the eastern range, and most of the inside of the Pound drains into Wilpena Creek which exits through the Gap. A small part of the high northern slopes of the Pound drains into Edeowie Creek, which drains in time of flood over steep cliffs and waterfalls in Edeowie Gorge to the north.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak in the Pound, also the highest of the Flinders Ranges, is St Mary Peak (1171m), on the north-eastern side. To the south of the Gap on the eastern side, the highest peak is Point Bonney (1133m). On the north-western side of the Pound, the highest point is Pompeys Pillar (1165m), and Rawnsleys Bluff (950m) at the southern end is the other major summit.</p><br>
<p>The wall of mountains almost completely encircles the gently-sloping interior of the Pound, with the only breaks being the gorge at Wilpena Gap and a high saddle in the south-western range over which the Heysen Trail passes. This latter saddle is called Bridle Gap, supposedly because it&#39;s the only place other than the gorge where a skilled horseman might ride into the Pound. The interior of the Pound does not rise to a height at the northern edge, but instead simply drops off very steeply to the plain below in a series of steep gullies.</p><br>
<h2>Nomenclature</h2><br>
<p>The name of the Pound, Wilpena, is reported to be Aboriginal, meaning "place of bent fingers&quot this might either be a reference to the mountains resembling the shape of a gently cupped hand, or the freezing cold of the ranges in winter. The traditional owners, the Adnyamathanha, however, have no such word in their language. Their name for the Pound is Ikara which means "meeting place". It&#39;s not clear who named St Mary Peak: a somewhat discredited turn-of-the-century account has the surveyor B.H. Babbage naming it in 1856, but others says that the pastoralist George Marchant suggested the name while in the area in 1851, and the latter explanation is more likely.</p><br>
<p>Point Bonney was named after the Crown Commissioner of Lands Charles Bonney, while Rawnsleys Bluff is named after the surveyor H.C. Rawnsley. The peak directly to the south of Wilpena Gap was known informally through much of the later 20th century as Mount John, reportedly because bus drivers became so tired of tourists asking its name they dubbed it as such. However, it had been marked on a private survey in 1851 as Mount Ohlssen-Bagge, after a business partner of the surveyors. In recent years the latter name has regained preeminence. The Adelaide Bushwalkers produced a detailed map of the Pound in 1959 in which they gave generic aboriginal names to many of the eastern peaks: Attunga Bluff ("high place"), Tanderra Saddle ("resting place"), Timburru Peak ("steep"), and Wangara Hill (a popular lookout to the north of Wilpena Gap) date from this map.</p><br>
<p>The peaks on the western range were named as part of a detailed survey for the hundred Moralana in 1895: the surveyor, William Greig Evans, named them all after his family and associates: Dorothys Peak, Beatrice Hill, Madges Hill, Harolds Hill are after his children, Reggies Nob his brother, Greigs Peak himself, and Dicks Nob, Walters Hill and Freds Nob are after members of his surveying party. Bimbornina Hill has recently gained some usage as a name for Dicks Nob, which overlooks Bridle Gap. The original 1851 name for Dorothys Peak was Mount Boord, after the pioneer of Oraparinna station, but this name has not regained any usage.</p><br>
<p>Although not part of the Pound, the adjacent Elder Range (and its highest point Mount Aleck) was named by Frederick Sinnett after the very successful Adelaide businessman, Sir Thomas Elder.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Adnyamathanha aboriginals were the original inhabitants of Wilpena Pound. The Adnyamathanha translate Pound to mean meeting or initiation place in their own language. The Yura Muda (collection of language and culture of the Adnyamathanha) passed down the story of how Wilpena Peak was formed, in which two Akurras (dreaming serpents) ate a large sum of people gathered for a celebration, which caused the serpents to be unable to move from their eating grounds. The head of the male and female serpents formed St. Mary Peak and Beatrice Hill, respectively.</p><br>
<p>Although the first European to sight the distant peaks of the Pound was almost certainly Edward Eyre on his first 1839 expedition to the vicinity of Lake Torrens, Eyre did not actually visit or investigate these ranges and so had no idea of their geographical formation. Matthew Flinder&#39;s botanist Robert Brown had climbed one of the highest peaks of the southern Flinders in March 1802, but Wilpena would have been just over the horizon.</p><br>
<p>Immediately after the first Europeans explored the ranges at first hand, discovering the Pound and its prospects for pastoralism, there was debate as to who was actually first. The likely discoverer, in 1850, was bushman William Chace, whose employers, the pastoralist brothers William Browne and John Browne, both medical doctors, had applied in 1850 for a pastoral lease there. The rival claimant was pastoralist C.N. Bagot, who described the country in June 1851 in a newspaper report, after having applied for a lease, and claiming to be the discoverer. Within a week of Bagots discovery claim appearing it was indignantly refuted by the Brownes, in favour of Chace.</p><br>
<p>In an attempt to sort out their conflicting claims over the pastoral lease, Charles Bonney and Surveyor-General Henry Freeling employed H.C. Rawnsley to go north and survey the area. In a controversially expensive trip, Rawnsley, of dubious skill and experience, only made it to the southern end of the Pound, which had been privately surveyed by Thomas Burr and Frederick Sinnett (employed by the Brownes) only a month or two earlier. On his arrival, Rawnsley found that the Bluff was already named after him by the locals, perhaps in an ironic wink at his shaky reputation (he was sacked by the Governor early the following year).</p><br>
<p>The Browne brothers eventually won the claim for Wilpena over Bagot, and the young Henry Strong Price opened up and ran the 40,000-hectare Wilpena Station for them. In 1861 Price purchased Wilpena from the Brownes. By 1863 Wilpena consisted of well over 200,000 hectares, but was nearly ruined by the drought of that decade. According to one account, the Pound itself was used for keeping horses, and was such a good natural enclosure that the horses became as wild as brumbies.</p><br>
<p>When Price died in 1889 the immediate 8,000-hectare area of the Pound was separated from the main run and leased separately. When the Hill family obtained this lease in 1901, they decided to try farming, something never before attempted so far north. Goyder&#39;s Line had proven rather accurate with regard to agricultural expansion in the great drought of the 1880s, and Wilpena is some 140 km north of the Line. But being in the shadow of some of the highest mountains of the Flinders, rainfall in the Pound is a little higher (snow even being very rarely known on St Mary Peak) and the Hills were determined to try.</p><br>
<p>After the immense labour of constructing a road through the torturous Wilpena Gap, they built a small homestead inside the Pound, which still stands today, and cleared some open patches in the thick scrub of the interior. For several years the Hill family had moderate success growing crops inside the Pound, but in 1914 there was a major flood and the road through the gorge was destroyed. They could not bear to start all over and sold their homestead to the government. The Pound then became a forest reserve leased for grazing. In 1945 the tourist potential of the area was recognised when a "National Pleasure Resort" was proclaimed. A hotel called the Wilpena Chalet was opened on the southern side of the creek just outside the gorge, and it has been run by various private companies ever since, most notably Kevin Rasheed and later his son Keith who between them ran the Chalet for over 50 years.</p><br>
<p>The Pound also later became part of the Flinders Ranges National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Wilpena Pound is in a semi-arid climate and receives less rainfall than the rest of Australia on average. The historical maximum amount of rainfall in a single day is 173 mm. Between the months of December and February, the daytime temperatures average between 31.8(89.24°F) and 33.8°C(92.84°F) with overnight average minimums between 16°C(60.8°F) and 18°C(64.4°F). Between June and August, the daytime temperatures average between 15.9°C(60.62°F) and 17.7°C(63.86°F) with minimums at night of 3.7°C(38.6°F) and 4.6°C(40.3°F).</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Wilpena Pound is one of the most popular sites in the Flinders Ranges for international tourists to visit the outback because of the large development that has occurred at the Wilpena Pound Resort on the eastern side of Wilpena Pound and Rawnsley Park Station on the western side. There are many modern facilities there that makes it appealing for people who are not familiar with the semi-arid conditions. Tourists also go on scenic flights from an unsealed airstrip at Wilpena Pound resort and Rawnsley Park 30 km north east of Hawker.</p><br>
<p>Rock climbing is a notable tourist attraction for Wilpena Pound, with the Moonarie being a hotspot for rock climbers. The Moonarie is a quartzite cliff of about 120m located on the upper rim of Wilpena Pound.</p><br>
<p>Wilpena Eating House was built in 1862 to handle passing traders, until the structure was abandoned in the 1880s. The structure was built with local pine slabs and a roof made from grass.</p><br>
<p>Arkaroo rock holds the history of Flinders Ranges as the aboriginals painted events depicting what happened in Flinders Ranges, such as the formation of Wilpena Pound.</p><br>
<p>Wilpena Pound was made internationally famous after Harold Cazneaux took a picture of a lonely tree surviving in the harsh semi-arid climate of Wilpena Pound.</p><br>
<h2>Bushwalking</h2><br>
<p>The Pound is a very popular area for bushwalking, interesting to people of all levels of experience. The Pound traverses some of the most beautiful country in the Flinders Ranges. Tourists can do short few hour long walks out of the resort, visitor centre and campground not far off the main road. Semi-serious walkers can spend the best part of a day climbing up to St Mary Peak. Serious hikers may be interested in lightweight camping around the Pound in order to bag all the peaks in one trip, or a more detailed investigation of one area. A traverse of the peaks from Reggie&#39;s Nob to Mount Abrupt is perhaps the most difficult walk; it was first performed by a party of Rover Scouts several decades ago.</p><br>
<p>The peaks are very rugged, and thick scrub and timber inside the pound can make navigation difficult; in 1959, a 12-year-old boy became lost while walking inside the Pound, and despite search efforts, his skeletal remains were not located until 18 months later. A pass on the upper slopes of St Mary Peak is named after him; his brother John Bannon later became the Premier of South Australia.</p><br>
